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Social Psychology: The Power of the Situation

Social Psychology: The Power of the Situation. Kurt Lewin and his two classic statements Behaviour is a function of the person and the situation There is nothing quite so practical as a good theory Conformity and Obedience Bystander Intervention. Conformity and Obedience.

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Social Psychology: The Power of the Situation

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  1. Social Psychology: The Power of the Situation • Kurt Lewin and his two classic statements • Behaviour is a function of the person and the situation • There is nothing quite so practical as a good theory • Conformity and Obedience • Bystander Intervention

  2. Conformity and Obedience • The Sherif Norm Formation Study • Used the autokinetic effect • Consensus formed • Consensus could be manipulated • Asch Conformity Study • Would people say long was short? • Yes, 70% of the people did

  3. Asch Line Judgment Task

  4. Reactions of Participants in the Asch Study

  5. Effect of One Dissenter in the Asch Paradigm

  6. Conformity and Obedience • The Sherif Norm Formation Study • Used the autokinetic effect • Consensus formed • Consensus could be manipulated • Asch Conformity Study • Would people say long was short? • Yes, 70% of the people did • Milgram Obedience Study • Would people commit acts of cruelty?

  7. Milgram Obedience Study

  8. The Milgram Experiment Results

  9. Bystander Intervention • Kitty Genovese, Common Sense, and the Power of the Situation • Darley & Latane’ explanation - the more people you have around the less likely it is that anyone will help • Smoke Filled Room Study

  10. Bystander Intervention • Kitty Genovese, Common Sense, and the Power of the Situation • Darley & Latane’ explanation - the more people you have around the less likely it is that anyone will help • Smoke Filled Room Study • 55% report smoke within two minutes when alone • only 12% do when in a group of three • Seizure Study

  11. Seizure Study Results

  12. Darley & Latane’ Model of Helping

  13. Social Psychology: The Perceiver Shapes Reality and the Interaction of the Person and the Situation • The Perceiver Shapes Reality • Fundamental Attribution Error • Stereotyping • Self-Fulfilling Prophecies • The Interaction of the Person and the Situation • The Two Factor Theory of Emotion • Cognitive Dissonance

  14. The Fundamental Attribution Error • The Origin of Attribution Theory and the prediction of the fundamental attribution error • The Jones & Harris (1967) Essay Study

  15. Jones & Harris (1967) - Essay Study

  16. The Fundamental Attribution Error • The Origin of Attribution Theory and the prediction of the fundamental attribution error • The Jones & Harris (1967) Essay Study • The Ross, Amabile, & Steinmetz (1977) Game show study

  17. Ross, Amabile, & Steinmetz (1977) - Game Show Study

  18. The Fundamental Attribution Error • The Origin of Attribution Theory and the prediction of the fundamental attribution error • The Jones & Harris (1967) Essay Study • The Ross, Amabile, & Steinmetz (1977) Game show study • The role of culture in the fundamental attribution error

  19. Culture and the Fundamental Attribution Error

  20. Stereotyping • The effect of stereotypes on the evaluation of others - Darley & Gross (1983)

  21. Darley & Gross (1983)

  22. Stereotyping • The effect of stereotypes on the evaluation of others - Darley & Gross (1983) • The automatic activation of stereotypes affects evaluations - Devine (1989)

  23. Donald Paragraph I ran into my old acquaintance Donald the other day, and I decided to go over and visit him, since by coincidence we took our vacations at the same time. Soon after I arrived, a salesman knocked at the door, but Donald refused to let him enter. He also told me that he was refusing to pay his rent until the landlord repaints his apartment. We talked for a while, had lunch, and then went out for a ride. We used my car, since Donald’s car had broken down that morning, and he told the garage mechanic that he would have to go somewhere else if he couldn’t fix his car that same day. We went to the park for about an hour and then stopped at a hardware store. I was sort of preoccupied, but Donald bought some gadget, and then I heard him demand his money back from the sales clerk. I couldn’t find what I was looking for, so we left and walked a few blocks to another store. The Red Cross had set up a stand by the door and asked us to donate blood. Donald lied by saying he had diabetes and therefore could not give blood. . .

  24. Stereotyping • The effect of stereotypes on the evaluation of others - Darley & Gross (1983) • The automatic activation of stereotypes affects evaluations - Devine (1989) • We often use stereotypes to achieve a desired conclusion - Sinclair & Kunda (1999)

  25. Sinclair & Kunda (1999)

  26. Social Psychology:The Interaction of the Person and the Situation • Self-fulfilling Prophecies • Stereotype Threat • The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion • Cognitive Dissonance Theory

  27. Self-Fulfilling Prophecies • What is a self-fulfilling prophecy • The Pygmalion effect in the classroom - Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968)

  28. Self-Fulfilling Prophecies • What is a self-fulfilling prophecy • The Pygmalion effect in the classroom - Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968) • Stereotypes as self-fulfilling prophecies - Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974) • Stereotype Threat - Spencer, Steele, & Quinn (1999)

  29. Spencer, Steele, & Quinn (1999)

  30. The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion • Early Models of Emotion • Williams James • Cannon & Baird • The Two-Factor Theory • Arousal • Cognitive Label • Anger and your mother study - Schacter & Singer (1962) • Attraction and the Bridge - Dutton & Aron (1974)

  31. Percent Calling Back Where Interview was Conducted Dutton & Aron (1974)

  32. Cognitive Dissonance Theory • How much would it take to get you to lie? - Festinger & Carlsmith (1959)

  33. Festinger & Carlsmith (1959)

  34. Cognitive Dissonance Theory • How much would it take to get you to lie? - Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) • The role of arousal in cognitive dissonance - Zanna & Cooper (1974)

  35. Zanna & Cooper (1974)

  36. Focus on University of Waterloo Research - How Focussing on Prevention leads to Risky DecisionsScholer, Zou, Fujita, Stroessner, & Higgins (2010) • We normally think that focussing on prevention would make us cautious • Under certain conditions, however, focussing on prevention might make us more risky • specifically when we are experiencing losses and only risky decisions can prevent the loss • Measured whether people focus on prevention or promotion • Had everyone play a stock buying game • Examined how risky they were in buying stocks • People high in prevention got more risky when they were losing money

  37. Scholer et al. (2010) - Study 2 “Purchasing” Risky Stock

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