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Foreign Exchange

Foreign Exchange. MBA 774 Macroeconomics Class Notes - Part 3. Foreign Exchange Rates. The exchange rate is the price of one country’s currency in terms of another country’s currency Quoted exchange rates can be either direct or indirect , one method is usually the convention

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Foreign Exchange

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  1. Foreign Exchange MBA 774 Macroeconomics Class Notes - Part 3

  2. Foreign Exchange Rates • The exchange rate is the price of one country’s currency in terms of another country’s currency • Quoted exchange rates can be either direct or indirect, one method is usually the convention • Direct: home currency per unit of foreign currency • Examples from US perspective: 1.676 US Dollars (USD) per British Pound (GBP) 1.152 US Dollars (USD) per Euro (EUR) • Indirect: foreign currency per unit of home currency • Examples from US perspective: 109.58 Japanese Yen (JPY) per US Dollar (USD) 1.3664 Swiss Francs (CHF) per US Dollar (USD)

  3. Prices in Foreign Currency • Use the exchange rate in direct terms Example 1: How much does a €100 sweater cost an American if the exchange rate is 1.15 $/€? Price in $ = €100 * 1.15 $/€ = $115.00 Example 2: How much does a 100 CHF sweater cost an American if the exchange rate is 1.37 CHF/$? Price in $ = 100 CHF * (1 / 1.37 CHF/$) = $72.99

  4. Depreciation and Appreciation • A depreciation of the local currency means that it takes more local currency to buy a unit of foreign currency • An appreciation of the local currency is the opposite • Example: • If the $/€ exchange rate goes up from 1.10 to 1.20 the dollar has depreciated against the euro • but, the euro has appreciated against the dollar.

  5. Depreciation and the Price of Imports • A depreciation of a country’s currency makes its goods cheaper for foreigners and makes foreign goods more expensive. • Example: Consider a bottle of French wine that costs $20 when the $/€ exchange rate is 1.10. Now what is the $ price of the bottle of wine if the dollar depreciates to 1.20 $/€ ? Price in € before depreciation = $20 (1/1.10 $/€ ) = € 18.18 Price in $ after depreciation = € 18.18 (1.20 $/€ ) = $ 21.82 or Price in $ after depreciation = $20 (1.20/1.10) = $ 21.82

  6. Foreign Exchange Trading • The vast majority of foreign exchange (FX) trading is done over-the-counter (OTC) • Most transactions have the USD on one side • Dollar is called a vehicle currency • Trading is centered at major multinational banks (called dealers) such as Citibank, Bank of America, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, etc. • By volume, it is the largest market in the world • Average daily turnover is about 2 trillion USD

  7. Foreign Exchange Trading • Trading takes place 24 hours a day during the business week • Trading moves around the globe: London => New York => Tokyo => London • Other important participants are • Corporations • Nonbank financial institutions • Central banks • For current rates see the Wall Street Journal or Bloomberg

  8. Spot vs. Forward rates • Spot Rate: the exchange rate that is applicable today • The settlement or value date for a spot transaction (the date on which the parties actually exchange assets) occurs two business days after the deal is made • Forward Rate: the exchange rate agreed on today for a transaction at a future date. • Most commonly quoted 30, 90, or 180 days in the future. • The forward exchange rate is set so that no money changes hands today.

  9. Forward Example • Boeing plans to deliver a 777 to KLM in six months and receive 110 million Euros. Boeing calls Citibank and enters into a 180-day forward contract at a forward rate of 1.2200 $/€. • This obligates Boeing to deliver €110m to Citibank in 180 days in exchange for € 110m * 1.220 $/€ = $134.200m

  10. Why Use Forwards • Suppose that Boeing did not enter into a forward agreement. What would be the dollar proceeds from the sale if in 6 months the Euro ends up trading at: USD/EUR USD Proceeds 1.12 1.12 * 110m = $123.2m 1.22 1.22 * 110m = $134.2m 1.32 1.32 * 110m = $145.2m

  11. Derivative Securities • A forward contract is the simplest form of a derivative security • Definition: A derivative security is a financial contract that derives its value from the price of another underlying asset. • Other common examples: • Swaps • Put and call options • Futures contracts (exchange-traded forwards)

  12. FX Trading Statistics

  13. FX Derivative Market Stats

  14. JPY/USD

  15. Trade-Weighted USD Exchange Rate The index is a weighted average of the foreign exchange values of the U.S. dollar against other major currencies. The index weights, which change over time, are derived from U.S. export shares. The index is calculated in indirect terms so higher values imply a stronger USD.

  16. USD/EUR

  17. The Law of One Price • In competitive markets free of transportation costs and other barriers to trade, identical goods sold in different countries must sell for the same price (when expressed in the same currency). • Why?

  18. The Law of One Price • We can write an equation for the law of one price as, PiLC = PiFC * E where PiLC is the local currency price of good i PiFC is the foreign currency price of good i E is the dollar to euro exchange rate • Or we can rearrange the equation to get E = PiLC / PiFC

  19. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) • PPP looks just like the law of one price except the prices are for a “basket” of goods rather than for a particular good so E = PLC / PFC or PLC = PFC * E where PLC is the local currency aggregate price level PFC is the foreign currency aggregate price level

  20. Invented in 1986 as a light-hearted guide to whether currencies are at their “correct” level, burgernomics is based on the theory of purchasing-power parity (PPP). This says that, in the long run, exchange rates should move toward rates that would equalise the prices of an identical basket of goods and services in any two countries. To put it simply: a dollar should buy the same everywhere. Our basket is a McDonald's Big Mac, produced locally to roughly the same recipe in 118 countries. The Big Mac PPP is the exchange rate that would leave burgers costing the same as in America. Comparing the PPP with the actual rate is one test of whether a currency is undervalued or overvalued. The first column of the table shows local-currency prices of a Big Mac. The second converts them into dollars. The average price of a Big Mac in four American cities is $2.71. The cheapest burgers are in China ($1.20); the dearest are in Switzerland ($4.52). In other words, the yuan is the most undervalued currency, the Swiss franc the most overvalued. The third column calculates Big Mac PPPs. Dividing the local Chinese price by the American price gives a dollar PPP of 3.65 yuan. The actual exchange rate is 8.28 yuan, implying that the Chinese currency is undervalued by 56% against the dollar.

  21. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) • PPP asserts that all countries’ price levels are equal when measured in terms of the same currency • Note: In practice the basket of goods is the same as the one used for the CPI • PPP predicts that a decline (increase) in a currency’s domestic purchasing power will be associated with a proportional currency depreciation (appreciation) in the foreign exchange market

  22. Absolute PPP vs. Relative PPP • Absolute PPP (PLC = PFC * E) represents the relationship between the level of the exchange rate and the level of prices in the two economies • Relative PPP states that the percentage change in the exchange rate will be equal to the difference in the percentage change in the price levels in the two countries

  23. Absolute PPP vs. Relative PPP • We can write an equation for Relative PPP as (Et - Et-1)/ Et-1 = pLC,t – pFC,t where pi,t is the inflation rate (Pi,t - Pi,t-1)/ Pi,t-1 in country i between time t-1 and t Et is the exchange rate at time t

  24. Empirical Evidence on PPP • To test absolute PPP, we measure the price level of a basket of goods in various countries. • For example, The Economist’s Big Mac Index • To test relative PPP we can look at the correlation between exchange rates and relative price levels • Typically correlations are low • Empirically, PPP theory does poorly in predicting exchange rate movements for developed countries • Why is it hard to test these theories?

  25. Problems with PPP • Transport costs and trade barriers • If it costs a substantial amount to transport goods, then this prevents the ability to do “arbitrage” • In some industries transport costs are effectively infinite (e.g., housing). These are called nontradable goods. • Governments usually have import tariffs, etc. • Monopolistic or oligopolistic practices • Measurement differences • “Sticky” prices

  26. Demand for Foreign Currency • If we think of foreign currency as a financial asset then the demand for foreign currency will depend on the investment properties of foreign currency • For example, we might consider the following properties • Expected Return • Risk • Liquidity • Inflation

  27. Demand for Foreign Currency • For now we are going to concentrate on only one of these • Expected Return • Notation RLC Interest rate in local currency (e.g., USD) RFC Interest rate in foreign currency (e.g., EUR) Et Actual exchange rate at time t in LC/FC EeExpected exchange rate in one year (this is the expectation of a random variable)

  28. Demand for Foreign Currency • Definition: The annual rate of depreciation of LC relative to FC is the percentage increase in E over one year, rate of depreciation = (E1 - E0) / E0 • The LC rate of return on FC deposits is approximately RFC plus the rate of depreciation • Today we do not know what E1 will be, only what we expect it to be (Ee). So, expected rate of return on FC = RFC + (Ee - E0) / E0

  29. FX Market Equilibrium • Equilibrium in the foreign exchange market is defined as difference in rate of return = RLC - RFC - (Ee - E0) / E0= 0 • This is also called the interest parity condition and can be written as RLC = RFC + (Ee - E0) / E0

  30. Graphing Interest Parity • We can rearrange this equation so that E0 = Ee / (1 + RLC - RFC) • Example: Suppose R€=5.2% and Ee=0.95 $/€, what is the exchange rate today (E0) for the following USD interest rates? R$ E0 2% 4% 6% 8%

  31. Plot the Points Exchange Rate ($/€) 0.9814 0.9615 0.9425 Expected Return on € Deposits 0.9241 6% 4% 8% 2% Rate of Return ($)

  32. Graphical Equilibrium Exchange Rate (LC/FC) 2 E0’’ 1 E0* Expected Return on FC Deposits E0’ 3 RLC Rate of Return (LC)

  33. Changing LC Interest Rates and Exchange Rate Equilibrium Exchange Rate (LC/FC) 1 1’ E0 LC Appreciates Expected Return on FC Deposits 2 E0’ RLC R’LC Rate of Return (LC)

  34. Changing FC Interest Rates and Exchange Rate Equilibrium Exchange Rate (LC/FC) Rise in FC Interest Rate 2 E0’ LC Depreciates 1 E0 Expected Return on FC Deposits RLC Rate of Return (LC)

  35. Money, Interest Rates, & Exchange Rates • We can combine what we learned previously about the demand for money with what we now know about exchange rates • This gives a more integrated picture of how money, interest rates, and exchange rates interact • For convenience let’s rotate the money market graph clockwise 90o and combine it with the FX market graph

  36. Money Market / Exchange Rate Linkages

  37. Time path of US economic variables after a permanent increase in the US money supply

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