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Basic IP Protocol

Basic IP Protocol. Natawut Nupairoj, Ph.D. Department of Computer Engineering Chulalongkorn University. Outline. Overview. IP Address. Subnetting. IP Routing. ICMP. An Internet According to TCP/IP. TCP vs. OSI Model. Network Layer. IP:Internet Protocol Unreliable (best-effort)

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Basic IP Protocol

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  1. Basic IP Protocol Natawut Nupairoj, Ph.D. Department of Computer Engineering Chulalongkorn University

  2. Outline • Overview. • IP Address. • Subnetting. • IP Routing. • ICMP.

  3. An Internet According to TCP/IP

  4. TCP vs. OSI Model

  5. Network Layer • IP:Internet Protocol • Unreliable (best-effort) • Connectionless • IP datagram • ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol • Request/response/error messages • Ping, traceroute • Encapsulated in IP datagrams. • IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol • Join/leave IP multicast groups. • Encapsulated in IP datagrams.

  6. Transport Layer • TCP • Reliable (timeout/retransmission mechanism) • Connection-oriented. • TCP segment • Telnet, rlogin, SMTP, HTTP, FTP • UDP (datagram) • Unreliable but low-overhead • DNS, TFTP, BOOTP, SNMP • Connecting thru “port” (SAP). • 16-bit numbers • well-known port number: HTTP(80), FTP(20), etc.

  7. Port

  8. IP Datagram

  9. IP Address

  10. IP Address Classes

  11. Decimal Notation

  12. IP Class Ranges

  13. Network and Host Address

  14. Example

  15. Example: Subnet

  16. Subnetting

  17. Netmask

  18. Basic IP Routing • Hop-by-hop using routing table. • Routing table entry: • Destination IP address: • host address - non-zero host ID • network address - host ID = 0 • Gateway IP address: • next-hop router. • directly connected.

  19. Basic IP Routing • Flags • destination IP: host or network address • gateway IP: router or direct connect • Network interface should be used for transmission.

  20. IP Routing Mechanism • Search routing table for an entry: • Matches the complete IP address (both network and host IDs). • Matches the destination network ID. • Default route. • If found, send to the gateway IP address (either next-hop or directly connected interface). • Otherwise, the datagram is undeliverable (router issues an ICMP error message).

  21. Internet Control Protocols • To provide support for IP. • ARP • RARP • ICMP • All data for these protocols are encapsulated in IP datagrams.

  22. ICP: ARP • ARP: Address Resolution Protocol • To send a packet to the destination, a host must know the destination physical network address. • The sender/router must convert from IP address to physical network address (ie. Ethernet address). • When a host wants to find a physical address: • It broadcasts an ARP request containning an IP address. • The owner (or designated responder) replies with its own network address. • ARP response can be cached.

  23. Address Resolution Protocol

  24. ICP: RARP • Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. • The reverse of ARP. • For diskless workstation. • X Terminal • Other related protocols: • bootp • tftp

  25. ICP: ICMP • Internet Control Message Protocol • Communicate error messages and other conditions for IP and higher layers. • Message Types: • Status checking: ping. • Error messages: destination unreachable, network unreachable, etc. • Flow control: source quench. • Routing control: redirect, etc. • Information retrieval: timestamp request, etc.

  26. Important ICMP Messages • Echo: • for ping program. • Destination, network, port unreachable messages: • Used by the traceroute program. • Time Exceeded: • TTL = 0 during transit or reassembly. • Also used by the traceroute program. • Source quench: • flow control. • the receiver informs the sender that it is running out of buffer and starts dropping datagrams.

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