A Whirlwind Tour of SD Native American History and Government

1. A Whirlwind Tour of SD Native American History and Government July 1, 2008

2. Nation distribution • Seven Councils named after 7 divisions of the Nation: • Mdewakantonwon • Wahpeton • Wahpekute • Sisseton • Yankton • Yanktonai • Teton • Dakota, Nakota, Lakota • Evolved from one main group • Three variations on one main dialect • Arranged by size of population

3. Dakota • Santee • Largest • Originally east of the Mississippi (Minnesota) • Four bands: • Mdewakantonwon • Wahpeton • Wahpekute • Sisseton

4. Nakota • Yanktonai/Yankton • Moved into the prairies that are now southeastern SD • Divided into 3 bands: • Yankton • Upper Yanktonai • Lower Yanktonai

5. Lakota • Tetonwan • “Dwellers on the Plains” • Western SD • Became the largest • Developed Plains Indian Culture (1600’s) • Seven bands: • Ogalala • Sicangu/Brule • Hunkpapa • Miniconjous • Sihasapa/Blackfoot • Itazicapola/Sans Arc • Oohenupa/Two Kettle

6. Nine “Tribes” of SD

7. DAKOTAMdewakantonwon • Minnesota, Canada, Flandreau, SD and Santee Reservation in NE. • 19th Century- railroads killed out buffalo to drive Native Americans onto reservations • Historical government- • Current government- 5 tribal council members, rotating 4 year terms • Famous- Gerome Big Eagle:

8. DakotaMdewakantonwon • “Spirit Lake People” • Governed by Soldiers Lodge • Originally in MN, Mille Lac and headwaters of the Mississippi • Currently on Crow Creek Reservation • Chiefs include Redwing, Jerome Big Eagle, Shakopee, Mankato

9. DAKOTAWahpeton • “Dwellers among the leaves” • Devil’s Lake, ND, Flandreau and Sisseton SD • Other Day- Son of Red Bird, worked for Gen. Sibly as a scout.

10. DAKOTAWahpekute • Shooters among the leaves • Means ‘leaf’ and ‘to shoot’ • Flandreau, Santee Res in NE • Minnesota in 1600s- Redwood and Des Moines River • Chief Little Crow • Red Lakes-Hayeetechah monanie • 4 Executive committee members

11. DAKOTASisseton • Sisseton-Wapheton Oyate- people of the fish village/marsh and people on Lake Traverse • Originally governed by Soldier’s Lodge; rejected BIA • Constitution 1946 • 7 council members; 2 year terms • 7 districts, Chairman Mike Salvage • Woodrow Keeble- Korean and WWII Vet • 1st Sioux to receive Medal of Honor (Died 1982, received after death 2008)

12. NAKOTAYankton • Yankton- End Village • “Village of the quarry of red stone” • Initially had 13 million acres of land- now 440,000 (3.4%) • Originally in Sioux City, IA and along the Vermillion River • Yankton Reservation, Fort Randall, SD & Share Crow Creek w/Upper & Lower Yanktonai (along Missouri River) • Among the Yankton the Keepers of • Pa-la-ne-a-pa pe (The Man that Was) • Famous for trying to keep peace w/whites and maintain dignity for people • Nakota means strong friend • 1932 First tribal constitution • Currently casinos major source of $

13. NAKOTAUpper Yantonai • Little End Village • Same dialect as the Yankton, believed to be the elder tribe • By LeSuer MN in 1700s • Standing Rock and Devil’s Lake ND

14. NAKOTALower Yanktonai • “Hunkpatina” • SE SD Yankton split between Crow Creek and MT • 5 committee members and 4 executive members

15. LAKOTAOgalala • ‘To scatter ones own’ • Move further west • Originally N of Brule • Now on Pine Ridge • 2 million acres of land • Become very involved in fur trade • Bull Bear moves 4000 Ogalala to Ft. Laramie Wy to make this a center of activity for Sioux • Tribal government • Tribal council w/18 representatives • Constitution 1936 • 38,000 • Current President John Steele • Red Cloud- famous Chief/Bozeman trail/Jesuit school • Billy Mills- First American to win an Olympic gold in the 10,000m 1964 • Rich history • Wounded Knee, Sand Creek, Battle of Little Big Horn

16. LAKOTASicangu/Brule • ‘Burnt thigh nation’ possibly from fleeing a grass fire • Rosebud Reservation, SW SD and Lower Brule, west of Missouri River • Divided in the 1700s into two separate bands • William Clark came through in 1805- contact with Brule • Agrarian: beans, corn, etc. (lost to flood in 1950’s & 1960’s) • Sinte Gleske- ‘Spotted Tail’; declined to participate in Red Cloud’s war; famous state’s man • Little Thunder- Chief, fought Harney,6’6’’ intelligent • Lower Brule Constitution 1936 • 6 member council w/2 year terms • Rosebud- highest suicide rate in the country

17. LAKOTAHunkpapa • Also Honkpapa or Humkpapa or Hunknapa • 1870’s fought w/Sitting Bull • Standing Rock Reservation • ‘Gate Keepers or Head of the Circle’ • Sitting Bull- Holy Man killed on Standing Rock Reservation by police in the attempt to prevent him from supporting the Ghost Dance movement • Two Moons, Black Moon, Running Antelope, Chief Gall • Standing Rock Sioux Tribal Council • 14 council people • Vine Deloria, Jr. - author

18. LAKOTAMiniconjous/Minneconjous • Those who plant by the stream • Formerly from Black Hills to Platte River, combined tribe w/Hunkpapa • Currently in West Central SD • Joseph White Bull- prior to being confined to reservation there were hereditary leaders: Makes Room, Black Shield, Lone Horn, White Hollow Horn, White Swan and Comes Flying • Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Council- 15 council people

19. LAKOTASihasapa/Blackfoot • Western SD • Black moccasins • Home of the White Calf Buffalo Pipe • John Grass- • Constitution 1959 • 17 council people, all elected • Retained a lot of sovereignty

20. LAKOTAItazicapola/Sans Arc • Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe • Eagle Butte • 1.4 million acres • 15 council members • Big Foot- killed in 1890 Wounded Knee massacre- under white flag (in pictures of Wounded Knee • http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/woundedk.html)

21. LAKOTAOohenupa/Two Kettle • “Two boilings” • South side of the Missouri running up and down the Cheyenne River • Now on Cheyenne River Reservation • Plains- good hunters and shrewd traders • Chiefs: Four Bears, White Hawk and Spotted Horse

22. History of SD Indigenous People • 11500 - 8000 BCE -- Paleolithic period -- Paleoindian hunters lived by hunting now extinct animals like mammoths and ice-age bison. • 8000 -1000 BCE -- Archaic period -- Archaic peoples gathered wild plants and hunted more kinds of animals, living better off the land. • 1000 BCE -- Woodland period -- People became more efficient at killing game like bison and deer.  They could therefore live in larger groups.  • 200 BCE -- Woodland period -- People along the Missouri River built burial mounds and made pottery.  • 500 -- The bow and arrow came into use, replacing darts and spears. • 900 -- Plains Village people (predecessors to the Mandan, Arikara, and Hidatsa peoples) began to plant corn, and sunflowers, in addition to hunting.  They lived in earth lodges within villages protected by ditches and log palisades.  • 1500 -- Plains Village people were living all along the Missouri River valley.  There is also archaeological evidence of their hunting camps all throughout the state.

23. History of SD Indigenous People • 1600’s tribes move west & receive horses from Spanish • Trading w/Spanish and French • Pre-1795 1760--The Sioux Indians, having been pushed out of Minnesota by the Chippewa, first reach the Missouri River. On their way to the Missouri, the Sioux drove the Omaha Indians from the Big Sioux and James River valleys.Sioux arrival at the Missouri ignites a long war with the Arikara for control of the Missouri Valley in central South Dakota. • 1800s- Great Sioux Nation presides over plains (SD, ND, MT, WY, NE) • 1803 Louisiana Purchase Treaty • 1804: Sioux meet the Louis & Clark expedition • Trading posts established through out the west & fur trading becomes part of Ogalala life • Ogalala & Lakota move into North and South Dakota • 1849 U.S. purchase Ft. Laramie

24. History of SD Indigenous People • 1851 Laramie Treaties signed • 1858 Treaty with Yankton Sioux opening most of eastern SD to settlement • 1861 Dakota Territory is ‘officially’ opened- SD, ND, WY and MT • War/1862-1865--The War of the Outbreak occurs. • 1862 Homestead Act- • August 1862 Santee December 1862 Hanging • Massacre at Sand Ceek • By 1864 90% of Santee and many Teton dead or in prison • 1865--The Edmunds Commission • April 1865 Civil War ends & Lincoln assassinated • Connor organizes soldiers and begins series of Battles from Paha Sapa to Montana- begins a series of massacres and treaties (http://www.hanksville.org/daniel/timeline2.html) • 1868 Sitting Bull becomes head chief of the Lakota • 1868 Red Cloud leads fight to close Bozeman trail • Treaty signed to end the Red Cloud War, creates the Great Sioux Reservation (which includes Black Hills) reservations • 1871 Congress approves the Indian Appropriations Act,

25. History of SD Indigenous People • 1873- Custer enters the scene & • 1874 Gold found in Black Hills • 1875 Beginning of the Lakota War • 1876 – Government orders Lakota chiefs to their reservations by January 31. Sitting Bull organizes greatest gathering of Indians • Battle of Little Big Horn • October 1876- Manypenny Commission demands surrender of Paha Sapa • May 1877- End of Great Sioux Wars • Crazy Horse assassinated • 1889 Agreement signed opening Great Sioux Reservation to white settlers; limiting Native Americans to designated areas • 1890 Sitting Bull killed over Ghost Dance • 1891 Wounded Knee • http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/six/66_10.htm

26. History of SD Indigenous People • 1898 Spanish-American War • 1904 Rosebud opened for white settlement; National Guard sent in • 1909 Cheyenne River and Standing Rock Reservations opened for white settlement • 1917 WWI • 1924 Citizen Act of 1924 makes Indians citizens • 1930s Depression • 1934 Indian Reorganization Act- • 1941 WWII • 1947- Plans made for Crazy Horse Monument in Black Hills

27. History of SD Indigenous People • 1973- Wounded Knee II and Custer Courthouse Riots • 1990- Governor Mickelson and 9 tribal leaders announce a ‘Year of Reconciliation’