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ENZYMES

ENZYMES. WHAT IS AN ENZYME. ENZYMES are proteins that act as a biological catalyst CATALYSTS increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being CONSUMED by that reaction. WHAT IS AN ENZYME. REMEMBER our 4 MACROMOLECULES: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

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ENZYMES

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  1. ENZYMES

  2. WHAT IS AN ENZYME • ENZYMES are proteins that act as a biological catalyst • CATALYSTS increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being CONSUMED by that reaction

  3. WHAT IS AN ENZYME • REMEMBER our 4 MACROMOLECULES: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids WHICH OF THESE INCLUDES ENZYMES?!

  4. STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN • Proteins are only functional once the chain of amino acids folds • Levels of protein structure • Primary • Secondary • Tertiary • Quaternary

  5. PRIMARY STRUCTURE Start out with a chain of amino acids  also called a ________________________

  6. SECONDARY STRUCTURE Hydrogen bonding between amino acids cause alpha helix and beta pleated sheets to form

  7. TERTIARY STRUCTURE Interactions between R-groups of amino acids causes the secondary structure to fold. We now have a functional protein! Yay!

  8. QUATERNARY STRUCTURE This happens when we have two or more polypeptide chains that fold to form one functioning protein Things like hemoglobin

  9. ENZYMES • ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS THAT INCREASE THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION WITHOUT BEING CONSUMED BY THE REACTION • WHY IS THAT LAST PART OF THE DEFINITION IMPORTANT????

  10. SHAPE OF THE ENZYME IS IMPORTANT ENZYME/SUBSTRATE COMPLEX PRODUCTS SUBSTRATE ENZYME ACTIVE SITE http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/anim_2.htm

  11. ENZYMES How do enzymes increase the rate of a reaction? They lower the amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction (reactants  products) This is called ___________ _____________

  12. ENZYMES No Enzyme Enzyme Energy of Activation

  13. CATABOLISM ANABOLISM

  14. COFACTORS Some enzymes need cofactors to help catalyze a reaction Examples of cofactors: Zn, Fe, Cu what do you notice about these? Organic cofactors are coenzymes. These are vitamins (example, riboflavin)

  15. ENZYMES FUNCTION IN OPTIMAL CONDITONS

  16. Adding more substrate increases the how fast product is made

  17. But You can only increase the rate so much – Why??

  18. DENATURATION • Proteins like to function in a certain type of environment • Things like temperature and pH can effect how the protein functions • WHEN A PROTEIN LOSES ITS SHAPE AND IS NO LONGER FUNCTIONING (BIOLOGICALLY INACTIVE) ___________________

  19. In a nutshell… BEFORE AFTER RESULT: LOSS OF FUNCTION!

  20. We can block enzymes Competitive inhibition Non- Competitive inhibition

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