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Ocean Chemistry – Chapter 6. Fe 2+. Ca 2+. NO 3 -. OUTLINE. Foundations of Chemical Oceanography Periodic Table – Valence Electrons Water – It’s Unique Properties Dissolved Elements in SeaWater Sources & Sinks Carbon Dioxide & the WORLD Ocean. SeaSalt (Na + Cl - )
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Ocean Chemistry – Chapter 6 Fe2+ Ca2+ NO3-
OUTLINE • Foundations of Chemical Oceanography • Periodic Table – Valence Electrons • Water – It’s Unique Properties • Dissolved Elements in SeaWater • Sources & Sinks • Carbon Dioxide & the WORLD Ocean
SeaSalt (Na+Cl-) Maio Island, Cape Verde, Africa -Nearly all minerals/ elements found in the Ocean. . ..
Foundations of Chemical Oceanography • Joseph Gay-Lussay (1778-1850) • Introduces the idea of the “WATER Column” • Denotes depth-dependency of many ocean properties • (esp. elements/minerals, e.g CaCO3 “calcite”) ALGAE Shells totally dissolve
“Liebig’s Law of Minimum” • What does it state? • Growth of plants controlled by a single element (required by plant) - but available at LOWEST rate of supply Challenge Question In this schematic which element would be rate limiting?
OUTLINE • Foundations of Chemical Oceanography • Periodic Table – Valence Electrons • Water – It’s Unique Properties • Dissolved Elements in SeaWater • Sources & Sinks • Carbon Dioxide & the WORLD Ocean
Recall - Periodic Table _Valence Electrons Outer valence electrons (= e-) participates in bonding of Elements 6 e- = (.) e.g. CO2 carbon dioxide .. .. O::C::O ‘‘ ‘’ Covalent bond Sharing e- O=C=O CO2 4 e- = (.)
OUTLINE • Foundations of Chemical Oceanography • Periodic Table – Valence Electrons • Water – It’s Unique Properties • Dissolved Elements in SeaWater • Sources & Sinks • Carbon Dioxide & the WORLD Ocean
Water – It’s Unique Properties : : O H H - - + O- - - H+ - - + - - - - + O- - H+ H+ + - + Electro + part attract electro – part (Opposites attract) H+ + + + H2O molecules form Hydrogen bonds with other H2O molecules. . . (see above) what makes water b/c of +/- nature of H2O = great at DISSOLVING substances – aka UNIVERSAL SOLVENT (something that DISSOLVES)
Dissolving Power of H2O • Water ~ universal (solvent) • What trying to dissolve, aka = solute (e.g. salt) • When too much of solute/solvent precipitation (e.g. sugar crystals or salt) Compounds of Opposite charge molecules = “ionic compounds” – these dissolve best in H2O Anions (-) charge, e.g. Cl- Cations (+) charge, e.g. Na+
Salt, a solute, dissolves in water, a solvent • Until a “saturation point” is reached • Challenge Question? • How can this be overcome? • Increase temp. . . • Solute dissolves
Airborne particles and the World’s Ocean • Aeolian (air/wind) Input • Red clay (to sediments) • trace elements ~Iron (Fe2+) • Rate limiting nutrient for plankton algae bloom? • With Iron comes • increased Plankton blooms Plankton Blooms produce Dimethyl Sulfide (DMS) Cloud condensation nuceli -Influences cloud formation MODIS satelite Fe2+ Fe2+ Fe2+ Fe2+ Dust from Africa . . . bloom bloom
OUTLINE • Foundations of Chemical Oceanography • Periodic Table – Valence Electrons • Water – It’s Unique Properties • Dissolved Elements in SeaWater • Sources & Sinks • Carbon Dioxide & the WORLD Ocean
Dissolved Elements of SeaWater • The major constituents (elements of SeaWater)
Dissolved Elements in SeaWater • The major constituents (elements of SeaWater) • Know the big 5 (conservative ~ lots)
Oceanographers Use conductivity at diff. temps To determine salinity Throughout the oceans. . . Salinity affects density Deep water - Ocean Circulation/Currents. . .Climate To be continued. .
Minor Constituents of Seawater Minor constituents (≤0.1 mMol/ kg, very dilute see Table 6.1) • trace elements (Iron, Silica) • (secondary metabolites – venoms, poisons) • Marine Natural Products • Cone Snail- Conus magnus • Conotoxins (ziconotide- Prialt®) • 1000Xs more potent then Morphine! morphine ziconotide
Biologically Important Nutrients: 2 classes: • Macronutrients • Nitrogen (N) • Phosphorous (P) • Potassium (K) • micronutrients • Iron (Fe) • Silica (Si) • Availability & Supply of nutrients Effect photosynth in world ocean More in Chap 13. . .
Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) • Dissolved Carbon “C” from • bacteria decomposition • Leaky marine organisms (incontinent) • Terrestrial sources • Important in Carbon Cycle • Add to Oceans Color • Can be seen by satellite • Helps to track/model • Carbon Cycle Chp.14 • CO2 – climate change
Dissolved Gasses - Challenge Questions • What are Zones of decreased and no dissolved Oxygen called? • 1) Hypoxic Zone – decreased O2 levels • 2) Anoxic Zone – no O2 ! • Do gasses dissolve better with increased or decreased temperature? • Decreased temperature Lots of nutrients (Missip river runoff) lead to Algae blooms - Zoo plankton - use up all O2 – ( Big fish suffocate)
Confirming your Knowledge • What are the 5 major elemental constituents of SeaH2O? • Cl, Na, S, Mg, Ca • What are the Macro and micronutrients? • N (nitrogen), P (phosphorous), K (potassium) (Macro) • Fe, Si (micro)
OUTLINE • Foundations of Chemical Oceanography • Periodic Table – Valence Electrons • Water – It’s Unique Properties • Dissolved Elements in SeaWater • Sources & Sinks • Carbon Dioxide & the WORLD Ocean
Sources ( provide) &Sinks (remove) Minerals etc. • The above determine concentration of elements in SeaWater • CONTINENTAL Weathering: A Source • Na from Continental Weathering • Cl- from Vents? Volcanoes? (acid rain) • not f/ river rocks (recycled as spray-Ocean Waves
Sources ( provide) &Sinks (remove) Minerals etc. • Hydrothermal Vents: A Source & SINK • +/- Minor source • Consume other elements Lead, Sulfur, Copper, Iron, Cobalt, Ag Mostly gypsum & Zinc
Residence Times of Elements • When sources/ sinks in balance – ocean is steady state • At steady state – can define the amt. of time For total mass of an Element (e.g. Na) to be replaced • aka Residence Time (how long it is in the ocean) • Residence Time • = mass of element present / rate of input or removal • Na • 1.472 x 1011 kg yr-1 tons/ year / 2 x108 tons/yr-1 Na/year= 70 million years!
Final Thoughts • Turn in Long Lab Field Trip (HW-1) • Please do HW-2 (due July 7th) • Wed – Final Chemical Oceanography -CO2_The Oceans & Ocean Physics Fe2+ NO3- Ca2+