?? What you Should Know ??

1. ?? What you Should Know ?? • 1.) Where did the Renaissance begin? What city-state was at the center…? • 2.) What was different about the artwork of this time? • 3.) Define the word “Machiavellian”.

2. Renaissance & Reformation

3. Before the Renaissance….Europe was in a period known as • The DARK AGES • Medieval Times • Outlook on human life was not bright. • Lives were tough for many Europeans • “THE PLAGUE” ---- The Black Death

4. Defining Renaissance • Definition: A time of creativity and change in pol, soc, econ, and culture; changes in the way people viewed themselves and their world • Italian City-States • New Worldview • Classics • Medieval • Adventure • Humanism

5. Golden Age of the Arts

6. Leonardo da Vinci • Endless curiosity • THE “Renaissance Man” • Scientist • Mathematician • Engineer • Inventor • Anatomist • Painter • Sculptor • Architect • Botanist • Musician • Writer

7. The Last Supper

8. Da Vinci’s VITRUVIAN MAN • a foot is the width of four palms (i.e. 12 inches) • a cubit is the width of six palms • a man's height is four cubits (and thus 24 palms) • the length of a man's outspread arms is equal to his height • the distance from the hairline to the bottom of the chin is one-tenth of a man's height • the distance from the top of the head to the bottom of the chin is one-eighth of a man's height • the maximum width of the shoulders is a quarter of a man's height • the distance from the elbow to the tip of the hand is one-fifth of a man's height • the distance from the elbow to the armpit is one-eighth of a man's height • the length of the hand is one-tenth of a man's height • the distance from the bottom of the chin to the nose is one-third of the length of the head • the distance from the hairline to the eyebrows is one-third of the length of the face • the length of the ear is one-third of the length of the face

9. Michelangelo • Genius in many areas • Painter • Sculptor • Architect • Engineer • Poet • The David • Sistine Chapel • St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome

10. Sistine Chapel

11. Raphael • Mary • Cherubs

12. Renaissance Writers • Shakespeare • Wrote 37 plays • Miguel de Cervantes

13. Niccolo Machiavelli

14. Machivalelli’s ----- The Prince • “It is better to be feared than loved, if you cannot be both.” • “Everyone knows how praiseworthy it is for a ruler to keep his word and to live honestly and not be deceitful. Nevertheless, experience shows that princes in our times who have done great things have cared little for honesty; they have known how to confuse men’s minds with their cleveness and have finally defeated those who put their faith in honesty.”

15. Machiavelli’s ---- The Prince • “A prince should seem to be pious, faithful, humane, honest, religious, and to be so. But he should have his mind so prepared that when occasion requires, he is able to change to the opposite.” • The end justifies… • Based on real observances rather than idealistic principles • “Machiavellian” – deceit in politics; whatever it takes to get power

16. ?? What you Should Know ?? • 1.) Where did the Renaissance begin? What city-state was at the center…? • 2.) What was different about the artwork of this time? • 3.) Define the word “Machiavellian”.

17. !! HOMEWORK !! For tonight • From Ch. 14; Section’s 1 & 2 • Complete the Identifications (ID’s) listed below: For each of the following tell me: • 1.) Who/What they are, • 2.) Where they completed their work/live • 3.) How they are significant (in relation to the Renaissance) • The Northern Renaissance • Erasmus • Thomas More • William Shakespeare • Johann Gutenberg

18. The Northern Renaissance • Northern Ren. Began in Northern France, spread to Belgium and Netherlands ---- **happened after because it the Black Death slowed the progression. • Erasmus • Dutch Priest and HUMANIST • Produced a Greek edition of the New Testament • Called for translation of Bible in today’s language (VERNACULAR) • Sir Thomas More • English HUMANIST --- ideal society of peace and harmony. Wrote: UTOPIA

19. The Printing Revolution • Johann Gutenberg --- Mainz, Germany • The Printing Press (first for west. Part of world) • Printed 1st complete edition of the Bible • By 1500, 20 million volumes had been printed.

20. REFORMATION ?? What you should Know ?? • 1.) Who began to criticize the Church’s role in worldly affairs? • 2.) What was the Council of Trent? It was in response to what? • 3.) Define the word Indulgence.

21. The Protestant Reformation • Definition: Efforts to reform the Catholic Church “Stop the Church abusing power” • Reasons: • Pope --- compete w/ princes for political power • Clergy --- promoted sale of Indulgences • Worldliness --- Church should not focus on world affairs…stick to teachings of BIBLE • Trigger: 95 Theses • **Begins in Northern Europe**

22. Martin Luther • German monk and professor of theology • Recant or else • Arguments against indulgences: • Not Biblical • NO PURGATORY -- time you spend between Heaven and Hell • Pope doesn’t have this power • ** CHRISTIANS SAVED THROUGH FAITH ALONE !!!! ** EXCOMMUNICATED

23. The Lutheran Church • Basic belief of church: • Rejected 5 of 7 sacraments • Church hierarchy doesn’t have special powers • “Priesthood of all believers” --- equal access to GOD. • Vernacular --- translated it so all could read. • Education of all --- schools for boys/girls to read the Bible. • Banned INDULGENCES!! • Adopt “Protestant” name

24. Protestant Church Spreads Out • Protestant -- “Protest” Papal authority. • Clergy --- some followed Luther • German people --- support was big • Peasants’ Revolt – end Serfdom • But Luther did not agree, thought social order was important. Peasants stopped, many killed in fighting • Peace of Augsburg 1555 • Princes choose their religion • In north Germany – Lutheran • In the south - Catholic

25. John Calvin *Luther supporter *Writer *Predestination *Set up community in Geneva, Switzerland(Calvin’s theocracy)

26. Reformation Spreads • Hundreds of sects evolve • Anabaptists • Mostly peaceful: • Amish • Baptists • Quakers • Mennonites

27. English Reformation • English King Henry VIII • Catherine of Aragon– annulment • Thomas More • Act of Supremacy 1534 • Married 6 times EXCOMMUNICATED “DEFENDER OF THE FAITH”…..right??

29. Church of England • Seized land • Anglican Church • English Bible • Similar to Catholics • Edward VI --- 10 yrs. old • Mary Tudor --- CATHOLIC! • Burns Protestants @ the stake • Elizabeth I --- Compromise of Cath’s & Prot.’s

30. CATHOLIC REFORMATION • Response to the Protestants • Council of Trent, called by Pope Paul III (1545) location: Trento, Italy • Objective: Change ways of THE CHURCH • Penalties for worldliness or corruption • Challenge Protestant teachings • Faith + Good works = SALVATION

31. Catholic Reformation • THE Inquisition • Church court • Secret Testimony, torture and execution • Ignatius of Loyola • Jesuits

32. Persecution • Def.-- suffering hardship on account of your beliefs • Cause: Religious Passion (Cath. & Prot.) • Witch Hunts (1450-1750) • Tens of thousands killed • Scapegoats • Monty Python • Jews • Ghettos • Luther’s Views – Anti-Jew

33. ?? What you should Know ?? • 1.) Who began to criticize the Church’s role in worldly affairs? • 2.) What was the Council of Trent? It was in response to what? • 3.) Define the word Indulgence.

34. !! HOMEWORK !! For tonight • Questions: 1, 4, 5, & 7 on Page 356 • Question 1 should be answered like your last homework: (Do all I.D.’s) • Step 1: Who is this person/what did they do? • Step 2: Where did they do their work/lived? • Step 3: How is this person significant in terms of the Reformation/Renaissance?