Paper 1 Philosophy units 1-5 6th of June a.m SCS = S ome C hristians S ay

1. Paper 1 Philosophy units 1-5 6th of June a.m SCS = Some Christians Say YH= “Love your neighbour” The Exam Always answer the Christianity question which will be the first one on each page. You have to answer 4 units (4 topics). Each Question has three parts.. Part a) [8 marks] you need to give lots of information about what Christians believe. Part b) [7 marks] is about the effect these beliefs have on a Christian. Try to think of as many different Christian opinions as you can. Liberal Christians have very easy going views, they are not extreme and tolerate other views. Fundamentalist Christians are the opposite to Liberal Christians, they have extreme views about things. They think the Bible is absolutely true and only Christians go to Heaven. • Roman Catholics have very strong views against abortion, euthanasia, contraception etc. • Methodists and Quakers often very tolerant when it comes to moral issues such as abortion, euthanasia, contraception etc. • The Church of England will often have a mix of opinions and will often be somewhere in-between the others. • Part c) [5 marks] • This section is always in the form of a quote. (eg “There must be life after death.”) It then tells you how to answer the question so follow the instructions. • Do you agree? • Give reasons for your answer • and show that you have thought about different points of view. • You must refer to Christianity in your answer.

2. Unit 1 The Nature of God • Christian beliefs • God is outside time and space • God created the universe • God is all powerful (omnipotent) • God is all knowing (omniscient) • God is good and loving, this means he wants the best for people and gives them rules to live by. • God will judge everyone • The Trinity • Father-creator God • Son-Jesus • Holy Spirit-The personal Spirit of God sent to guide us • Why do they believe in God? • SCS the universe can’t be an accident there must be a meaning to it. • SCS the world looks like it has been designed so there must be a designer (God) • SCS we feel guilt when we do something wrong, must be God. SCS they have experienced God in some remarkable way. SCS they have been raised a Christian so it seems natural. Bible Old Testament, before Jesus. Not as important as the... New Testament, after Jesus, it is very important. SCS the Bible is the exact word of God SCS that it is inspired by God but written by humans 2000 years ago so it can be updated. SCS say that the only important thing is the message of Jesus. Miracles SCS that Miracles can still happen as they did at the time of Jesus. SCS that they happen very rarely SCS that even Jesus’ miracles have an explanation in science. Roman Catholics may go to Lourdes to be healed.

3. Unit 3 Religion and Science The Origins (Start) of the world The Bible says that God made the world in 6 days and that man was created at the end. Man was special and given domination over all of the plants and creatures. SCS that the Bible is completely true so the worlds is 5000 years old, made in 6 days No evolution No Big Bang. They reject lots of Scientific discovery. SCS that the ‘days’ of Genesis are long periods and that the universe is very old but still made by God, they might reject evolution. SCS that the bible is a religious book not a scientific manual so they believe that God made everything but they also accept scientific theories such as evolution and the Big Bang. People and Animals Most Christians agree that animals have no souls so we can use them as we like but we must be responsible for them. SCS that the Bible says that God cares for all the birds of the air and lilies of the field so we should look after everything. Stewardship and the Environment SCS Christians believe that God created the world so we must look after it. SCS that we should love our neighbour which means that we shouldn’t damage the environment because it causes suffering in developing countries and for future generations. SCS we should work to improve the environment by recycling, protesting, campaigning and by supporting green causes.

4. Unit 4 Death and the Afterlife The Soul When God made man in the beginning he breathed into him. This is a special kind of life which is different to animals. SCS that your body is separate from you soul. SCS that your soul is a part of you that defines what you really are. It makes the choices between right and wrong. SCS your soul needs a body so you get a new body after death. Heaven, Hell and Purgatory Most Christians say there will be some kind of Judgement after death where God will decide where you will spend your afterlife. Heaven is a paradise where you live forever with God. Hell a place of destruction and pain where the Devil is punished . Purgatory a middle place of penance. SCS all people go to heaven, because God is loving. SCS the worst people go to Hell, everyone else pays for their sins in Purgatory. When they have paid for their sins they go to Heaven. Roman Catholics believe this this is why they pray for the dead. SCS (fundamentalists) that everyone goes to Hell apart from the true believers in God. Funerals Provide comfort support and hope of a future life after death. Roman Catholics will pray for the soul of the dead person. Prayers of thanks will be said for the person who has died. The funeral reflects the idea that all life is given by God and only God can take it away. Funerals often reflect the beliefs of Christian denominations.

5. Unit 5 Good and Evil • Why is there evil in the world? • Two types of evil… • Natural evil such as disease and earthquakes some people say that God causes these because they are not under man’s control. • Moralevil is the things people do to each other such as war, murder etc. • Some say there is no God because if… • God is loving and good he won’t want evil. • God is omnipotent (all powerful) he has the power to stop evil • God is omniscient (all knowing) he knows about evil. • Yet evil still exists so why? • SCS that God is testing us. • SCS that we are being punished for Adam and Eve. • SCS that there has to be suffering otherwise we wouldn’t learn to be good people. Sometimes bad experiences lead to you becoming a better person. • If there were no suffering there would be no consequences for any actions you could do what you wanted and nothing bad would happen, we would all become very selfish. • SCS Jesus died on the cross to show us that God is involved in our suffering. • How do Christians know what is Right and Wrong. • The local Church • The teachings of Jesus YH • The 10 commandments • Prayer • Famous Christians • Conscience • Why do Christians do good things • To get to heaven • To please God who is good • To follow our nature which was given by God.

6. Unit 6 Human Relationships • Marriage The services involves. • Promises in front of God and witnesses • Exchanging rings to show the marriage is forever • Prayers for the success of the marriage • Conducted by the vicar who would support them in their marriage • Readings from the Bile help tem to view the marriage as sacred and special. • The Purpose of Marriage • It is the only place for sex • It is the proper way to raise children in a family unit • It is for one man and one woman (Monogamy) • The Roles of Men and Women • SCS that husbands are in charge of their wives and the head of the family. • SCS that all are equal and that ideas of women obeying their husband are old fashioned. Divorce SCS that divorce is always wrong. Roman Catholics will not allow divorce, however they will allow annulment in extreme circumstances such as insanity and impotence. SCS that although divorce is wrong it sometimes cannot be help, particularly in cases of violent abuse. Contraception Roman Catholics are against all unnatural contraception because sex is for having children. They can use the rhythm method timing sex so that the woman is unlikely to fall pregnant. SCS sex can also help unite a couple so contraception is o.k. SCS that the coil is a form of abortion (like the morning after pill) so they will not use it.

7. Unit 7 Medical Ethics Sanctity of Life = Life is sacred and special given by God and must be preserved. Abortion SCS life starts when the sperm meets the egg so abortion is a sin (Roman Catholics think this) SCS that life begins when the soul enters the body at about 20 weeks so abortion after this is wrong. SCS that in some circumstances it may be the more loving thing to do to prevent suffering. YH SCS that if a mother’s life is in danger abortion should be allowed. Fertility treatment SCS that you shouldn't interfere with human life so fertility treatment is wrong. (Roman Catholics) SCS that if it is the loving thing to do then it can be justified. SCS it is wrong to discard unwanted foetuses as this is murder. Euthanasia Passive euthanasia is when you turn off a life support machine and a person dies from their injuries. Active euthanasia is when you kill someone tom end their suffering eg. with a lethal injection. SCS that euthanasia is wrong that God has a plan for every life it is sacred. SCS that it is sometimes the most loving thing to do so is acceptable. YH Medical research on animals SCS that animals are God’s creation so we should treat them with respect SCS that animals have no soul so we can do what we like with them SCS that people are more important than animals so we can experiment on them but perhaps not for shampoo and makeup.

8. Unit 8 Equality • The Bible says… • “...God does not show favouritism.” • “..There is neither male or female, all are equal in Jesus.” • “Love your neighbour as yourself” • The parable of the Good Samaritan shows that everyone is your neighbour.YH • Racism • Christians are against racism because everyone is the child of God. Martin Luther King and Desmond Tutu campaigned agaist racism in America and South Africa using non-violence. • Women • SCS that they should follow the Bible which says women should not speak in Church, should obey their husbands and should keep their heads covered. • SCS that they treated women badly at the time of the Bible. Nowadays we should treat them as equals. SCS that women should not be priests as Jesus and God are men. SCS that women and men are equal and we can have women priests (the vicar of Dibley). Attitudes to other Religions SCS (Fundamentalists) that all will go to Hell unless they change their beliefs this is why they may become missionaries. And try to convert others to Christianity. SCS that as long as people are loving their neighbour then they will go to heaven. SCS that even other Christians from other denominations are wrong some fundamentalists believe that roman Catholics are not true Christians and will go to heaven. Forgiveness Christians think it is important to forgive others. The Lord’s prayer says forgive us as we forgive others.”

9. Unit 9 Poverty and Capital Wealth The poor Jesus said, “YH” so you should look after the poor. “Blessed are the poor” Most Christians will follow the example of Jesus and work to help the poor, sick and opressed. Charity Many of the world’s charity organisations are Christian such as Tear Fund, Word Vision and CAFOD. These organisatiions help the poor by teaching them to help themselves. Some Christians believe that by helping staving people in Africa they will convert them to Christianity and they will go to heaven. Teachings about Money “the love of Money is the root of all evil” “It is harder for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven than for a camel to fit through the eye of a needle.” Jesus said to the rich man, “sell everything you have and give it to the poor.” SCS that anything you have should be used wisely. You will be judged by god if you are greedy and selfish. SCS that if you have loads of money it’s because god has blessed you and you should enjoy your wealth but use it wisely. The Church of England is one of the richest organisations in the country. Christians should all try to avoid jobs which cause pain and suffering.

10. Unit 10 Peace and Justice • War • SCS that War is always wrong because Jesus said, “YH” and “Turn the other cheek” • SCS that violence is necessary only in extreme circumstances • A Just War is a war that some Christians believe can be justified under certain conditions… • The War is started by the proper authority (e.g. Democratic governments or the U.N) • There must be a just reason to go to war. • The war must produce good and not evil. • The war must be a last resort everything else must have been tried. • There should be no more force used than is necessary. • Pacifism • Some Christians are pacifists they refuse to use violence. Martin Luther King was a Christian who refuse to use violence to fight against oppression. • The Bible says… • “If you live by the sword you will die by the sword” • “Turn your swords into ploughshares and your spears into pruning hooks” • “Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you.” • Punishment • There are 4 aims of punishment. • Reform—changing a person • Protection—protecting society • Retribution—making them pay for their crime • Deterrence—acting as a warning to put people off. • Christians are in favour of any punishment that involves love and forgiveness. They might work in prisons and campaign for human rights. They also work in the fight against social injustice.