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MP SUCCESS

MP SUCCESS. Phased out 95% of ozone-depleting substances in 20 years Placed the ozone layer on a path to return to pre-1980 levels by 2065. Reduced climate emissions by a net of 135 GtCO2-eq. from 1990 to 2010.

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MP SUCCESS

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  1. MP SUCCESS • Phased out 95% of ozone-depleting substances in 20 years • Placed the ozone layer on a path to return to pre-1980 levels by 2065. • Reduced climate emissions by a net of 135 GtCO2-eq. from 1990 to 2010. • Delayed climate change by 7-12 years (and by 35-41 years if voluntary and domestic measures in the 1970s are taken into account)

  2. Reason for Success • Positive feedback loop between voluntary and regulatory actions • Actions in progressive steps, inspired by Scientific Assessment and Technical and Economic feasibility, updated periodically

  3. Voluntary Action before MP Initial Voluntary action due to • Awareness, promoted by scientists, NGOs and media, of the danger to the ozone layer • Signals from national regulations and policies that old technologies are out and those who are first with the new will win

  4. Voluntary Actions Beyond Mandate of MP Facilitated by • Knowledge about the alternative technologies and their feasibility through Technology panel of MP and international and national industrial Associations • Availability, to developing countries, of financial and technical help from the MLF of MP to formulate country programmes and policies to promote alternatives • Involvement by stakeholders like multinationals, militaries, major national companies and NGOs

  5. Regulatory Action-1 • International (MP) and national regulations • Sent signal that ozone-safe technologies will have market • Strength of signal dependent on the extent of width of consensus and depth of action • In the beginning, width more important to convince all one that the important players of the world want ozone-safe technologies

  6. Regulatory Action-2‘Start and Strengthen’- ‘Best is the Enemy of the Good’ • 1987 MP had mild measures to attract all. • Strengthened 6 times, each time taking into account special interests of countries. Every time not the ideal solution but attracting many so that actions started by all. • The actions stimulated innovators- Resulted in better products and proved wrong projections of economic loss and bad products if ODS were not used • This reduced the resistance to deeper controls

  7. Regulatory Action-3Tough features of MP • Adjustment- Once a control measure is in place for an ODS, strengthening controls for that ODS decided by MOP with a prescribed majority and is binding on all the Parties • Trade controls with non-Parties- no trade in ODS and no import of products with ODS and with non-complying Parties- to discourage ‘free-riders’

  8. Regulatory Action -5Assisted by TechTransfer, Multilateral Fund • Tech transfer provided for in MP (no guarantee), funded by the MLF • Written indicative list of incremental costs of developing countries to be met by MLF • list covers costs of tech transfer, training and incremental costs of equipment • Though not in the list, MLF covers National ozone units, awareness, Info, preparation of policies and regulations • Knowledge Networks of NOUs and regular meetings along with developed countries

  9. Unorthodox action by MOPs-MLF • Finance preparation of country programs for developing countries- setting time lines for programs, many better than the mandated ones • Financing of developing countries started in 1991, though control measures started in 1999. • Periodical replenishment of the MLF calculated by TEAP objectively- approved by Parties without much change • TEAP recommendations based on country programmes and targets

  10. Unorthodox action by MOPs-MLF Governance • MLF administered by 14-member Executive Committee, 7 each from developing and developed, elected by MOPs every year • Chairmanship rotates between the groups • MLF contributed by developed countries in ratio of UN scales • MLF focal point of assistance. Bilaterals allowed to contribute up to 20% through projects but need approval by ExCom

  11. Unorthodox action by MP-Assessment Panels • Assessment panels reporting at least once in 4 years. Parties could express opinions but not change reports • In practice, annual updating and reporting • All Adjustments and amendments of MP and tech decisions on the basis of reports. • Parties appoint Panel members but Members of sector Technical options committees selected by the co-chairs of the committees. • based on panel reports. 6 times so far in 20 years

  12. Regulation by MP • Time bound control measures for all countries • Developing countries are G-77 but with per-capita consumption less than some limits • Developing countries given grace time • Compliance of developing countries conditional on tech transfer and MLF assistance

  13. Some Good points of MP not taken by Kyoto • Adjustments and Trade controls with non-Parties- to discourage ‘free-riders’ • Non-Compliance procedure with emphasis on assistance, then cautions and with tough action of suspension of rights (including trade) if deliberate inaction. Procedure binding every Party • Governance and replenishment of MLF • Independent, frequent technical advice

  14. Post-2012 institutions for Climate Change • A restructured GEF on the lines of MLF with mandate to promote voluntary action, in addition to mandatory targets, help prepare Country programmes with voluntary bench marks, promote action by- MNCs, major national companies, Military, Assist in awareness, information, National climate units, Knowledge networking, policies and regulations, access to alternative technology, • Sector wise expert (from Industry, Academia, Government) technical committees, independent in operation. Annual reporting

  15. Many Ideas on Board for Kyoto. Why post-2012? Do it Now • Developed countries to continue their cuts. • The voluntary commitments of developing countries can be based on no-lose, non-binding targets. Reduction of GHG emissions growth rates, Sector efficiencies • Long term targets might be detrimental. Cost and potential of mitigation and the capacity of countries to respond are uncertain. Either unrealistically tough commitments or too soft ones. • Follow the MP principle of start and strengthen periodically based on science and feasibility.

  16. Many helpful factors for Immediate Action • Many mitigation measures, that yield a good return to individuals and companies, available • These also lead to less dependence on fossil fuels, access to advanced ways of using energy sources, better air quality (and thus health) and new market opportunities for industry • Climate Change easy to understand by citizens

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