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University of Lancaster 28 February 2008 Gindo Tampubolon Institute for Social Change University of Manchester

Health, perceived discrimination, individual and ethnic social capital: Multilevel analysis of long-term limiting illness and disability using Citizenship Survey 2005. University of Lancaster 28 February 2008 Gindo Tampubolon Institute for Social Change University of Manchester. Outline.

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University of Lancaster 28 February 2008 Gindo Tampubolon Institute for Social Change University of Manchester

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  1. Health, perceived discrimination, individual and ethnic social capital:Multilevel analysis of long-term limiting illness and disability using Citizenship Survey 2005 University of Lancaster 28 February 2008 Gindo Tampubolon Institute for Social Change University of Manchester

  2. Outline • Three tasks on health and ethnicity • Questions • Social capital and health • Data • Results and discussion • [Appendix: Why should one believe this?]

  3. Three tasks on health and ethnicity • Time or accumulation • Place or ethnic composition • Perceived discrimination

  4. Questions on minorities’ health • Are the incidences of limiting long term illness socially stratified and ethnically differentiated? • What are the roles of individual, neighbourhood and ethnic social capital? • What is the role of perceived discrimination?

  5. Should various forms of social capital matter in improving health? • Mobilisation effect • Rapid diffusion of information effect

  6. Data: Citizenship Survey 2005 • Sample has 14,082 resps from 813 wards • Including minority boost (5,150 – 37%) from wards with more than 1% population was minorities • Focus on limiting long term illness or disability

  7. Area-related factors • Ward multiple deprivation index • Proportion of minority or ethnic density • Feeling of belonging to neighbourhood • Trust in people in the neighbourhood • Share values with people in the neighbourhood

  8. Individual social capital • Ethnic composition of friends • Formal civic or associations participation • Formal and informal help given & received

  9. Multi-level model of incidences of limiting illness, Citizenship Survey 2005. Odds ratios significantat 5% level highlighted Base line plus individual plus community social capital social capital Ethnic density 0.999 1.007 1.006 Multiple depriv. 1.0711.088 1.060 Female 0.694 0.939 0.995 Single 1.5231.437 1.373 Widow/divorced 1.375 1.048 0.880 Foreign educated 0.781 0.636 0.787 GCSE 0.834 1.308 1.419 Higher edu 0.908 1.333 1.254 Degree 0.704 0.919 0.947 Age 1.057 1.056 1.056 Income 1.000 1.000 1.000 Manual 2.854 2.108 1.889 Supervisor 2.359 1.999 1.823 Intermediate 2.498 2.114 1.904 Professional/mgr 2.638 1.932 1.894

  10. Multi-level model of incidences of limiting illness, cont. Base line plus individual plus community social capital social capital Indian 0.792 0.842 0.929 Other Asian 0.873 0.3640.343 Caribbean 0.879 0.581 0.685 Other black 0.643 0.810 1.012 Mix/other 0.796 0.794 0.815 Length of resid. 0.997 0.996 0.999 Discrimination 1.065 1.084 1.047 Same ethnic friends 1.004 0.989 Civic participation 1.356 1.473 Formal help 0.947 0.935 Informal help 1.087 1.146 Belong to neighbourhood 0.833 People can be trusted 0.907 Share values 0.830 σ20.358 0.157 0.000

  11. Discussion I • Baseline: some wards have significantly more ill or disabled residents than others • Ward’s multiple deprivation contribute to illness • Illness or disability is socially stratified and ethnically (positively) differentiated (cf. respiratory symptoms in Nazroo 2003) • Perceived discrimination is significant • Age and income are also significant

  12. Discussion II: social capital • Wards differences in distribution of illness disappear • Ward’s deprivation disappears • Social (class) stratification also disappears • Perceived discrimination also disappears • Positive ethnic difference strengthens • Community shared values reduces incidences • Puzzle: civic participation increases incidences

  13. May be the ills or disableds choose to move to these areas? aka selection or sorting problem • Two parts: • (unobserved) area attractiveness • plus (unobserved) individual attractedness & • Matching by moving • Unobserved area attractiveness: area random effect • Matching: length of residence

  14. Conclusion • Incidences of long term limiting illness and disability is positively ethnically differentiated • Sharing community values further reduces this incidences • Area effect is primarily associated with or absorbed by community informal (shared values) and formal (civic participation) social capital

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