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Study Sheet for Chapter 2 Honors Biology

Study Sheet for Chapter 2 Honors Biology. EXTENDED RESPONSE TIPS:. EXAMPLE: Surface tension caused by the pulling in of H-bonds of the water molecules. This creates a “film” on the surface of the water. This allows small insects to walk on the surface of water. #1.

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Study Sheet for Chapter 2 Honors Biology

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  1. Study Sheet for Chapter 2Honors Biology

  2. EXTENDED RESPONSE TIPS: • EXAMPLE: • Surface tension caused by the pulling in of H-bonds of the water molecules. This creates a “film” on the surface of the water. • This allows small insects to walk on the surface of water.

  3. #1 Atom = 1 unit – smallest unit of an element Molecule = 2 or more atoms chemically bonded (can be same or different) Formula = abbreviation of a compound Compound = 2 or more different elements bonded together chemically • Symbol = abbreviation of an element • Element = 1 kind of substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means – listed on Periodic table

  4. #2 • 59 • Co • 27 • Mass number = 59 • Atomic number = 27 • Number of protons = 27 • Number of electrons = 27 • Number of neutrons = 32

  5. #3 • Trace elements • Appear in very small amounts • Milligrams (mg)

  6. #4 • Radioactive isotope • Breaks down spontaneously • (gives off energy and particles, can be detected on a PET scan) • Break down to their more stable form • EX: C-14 to C-12

  7. #5 • Why do atoms join to form compounds? • TO FILL THEIR OUTER ELECTRON SHELL

  8. #6 • IONS and ISOTOPES • IONS = differ in the number of electrons (charged atoms) • ISOTOPES = differ in the number of neutrons (different mass numbers)

  9. #7 • Electrons in covalent and ionic bonds • COVALENT = electrons are shared • IONIC = electrons are transferred (lost/gained)

  10. #8 • Solute and solvent and solution Water = solvent – does the dissolving (larger amount) Sugar = solute –being dissolved Both = solution

  11. #9 • H-bonding • When water reaches 4oC and below H-bonds form an open lattice (less dense) • For surface tension, H-bonds pull the water molecules inward to form a “film”

  12. #10 • IN ORDER (strongest to weakest): • COVALENTIONICH-bonding Van der Waals

  13. #11 • Buffers • Minimize the change in pH by adding extra H+ and OH-

  14. #12 • ACIDS put H+ ions into solution • (H+ donors) • BASES put OH- ions into solution • (OH- donors)

  15. #13 • Water has high heat of vaporization (slow to heat and also slow to cool) • So the coastal area temperatures would change less rapidly than inland areas

  16. #14 ACIDS BASES Strong 11-14 Weak 8-10 pH 11 = 10-11 • Strong 1-3 • Weak 4-6 • pH 3 = [H+] 10-3 • pH 4 is 100 X’s the H+ ions than pH 6

  17. #15 • Electrons fill • 2 • 8 • 8

  18. #16 • ACID PRECIPITATION • pH lower than 5.2

  19. #17 • COVALENT BONDS

  20. #18 • H+ ions surround Cl- • OH- ions surround Na+

  21. #19 • REACTANTS PRODUCTS • Left of arrow right of arrow

  22. #20

  23. #20 • Elements that are located in the same column behave more alike chemically

  24. #21 • Polar Covalent = unequal sharing of e- • Nonpolar Covalent = equal sharing of e-

  25. #22 • Bohr Model

  26. #23 H-H O-H NaCl

  27. #24 • UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF WATER • 1. H-bonding • 2. Polarity

  28. #25 • CHON • Trace element in mg

  29. #25 • Fe • Used by RBC to carry oxygen in hemoglobin • I • used to prevent blindness and have proper use of thyroid • F • used to prevent tooth decay

  30. #26 • Elements have different numbers of protons • Elements have different numbers of electrons (form different ions and different bonds)

  31. #26 • Same column have same outer shell (valence) electrons

  32. #27 • ISOTOPES OF AN ELEMENT • Same number of protons (same atomic number) • Different number of neutrons (different mass number)

  33. #28 • Valence electrons (fill inner shell first) • 2 • 8 • 8

  34. #29 • If atomic number 8 • Can form two more bonds

  35. #30 • BOTH INTERMOLECULAR • Van der Waals = are momentary very weak forces of attraction between nonpolar molecules resulting from uneven electron distributions (EX: gecko hairs on feet and glass) • H-bonding = forces between H and F, O, or N

  36. #31 • Cations = (+) ions • Anions = (-) ions

  37. #32 You need to break the H-bonds to vaporize (form a gas)- takes extra time You need to form H-bonds to form ice – takes extra time

  38. #33

  39. Determine the pH • [H+] [OH-] = 10-14 • If [H+] = 10-4 = pH 4 • [OH-] = 10-10

  40. #34 • Mg-2 Cl- • K+ I- • Ca+2 P-3

  41. #35 • REVIEW YOUR ELEMENTS AND SYMBOLS: • Ca = calcium • C = carbon • Co = cobalt

  42. #36 EXAMPLE • Why water makes a nice drop on wax paper: • Surface tension on the water. • Strong cohesion of the water molecules • Weak adhesion to the wax paper. • Review blue sheet, water properties quiz and lab.

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