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Reading and Comprehension

Reading and Comprehension. PERTEMUAN 8. 7.1 Understanding words: Recognising spoken and written words. Crucial to understanding what people say to us is the ability to recognise the individual words that make up the message

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Reading and Comprehension

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  1. Reading and Comprehension PERTEMUAN 8

  2. 7.1 Understanding words:Recognising spoken and written words • Crucial to understanding what people say to us is the ability to recognise the individual words that make up the message • In one study subjects identified a target word in a spoken passage and pressed a button to indicate that they had done so, on average 275 milliseconds after the start of the word, even though the average duration of the words in the passage was 370 milliseconds (Marslen-Wilson and Tyler, 1980).

  3. to recognise written words sometimes as fast as 150 milliseconds per word (Rayner and Pollatsek, 1989)

  4. Eye Movements • Our eyes do not move smoothly, but in a series of small jumps called saccades. • In reading, each saccade lasts about 25 msec, and moves the point of foveal fixation (see Topic B1) seven to nine letters forward at once. • During a fixation, we can take in and process visual information from roughly four letters to the left of the fixation point and fourteen letters to the right. • The fixations can last from 20 to 500 msec, depending on what is being read, but are on average around 225 msec. • A skilled reader will make about 250 fixations a minute, reading around 300 words.

  5. Morrison’s model of eye-movements: smooth reading

  6. Morrison’s model of eye-movements: Skipping a word

  7. Morrison’s model of eye-movements: Long and Short fixations

  8. 7.2 Understanding words:Production of spoken words • Lexicalisation is the name given to this process by which the thought that underlies a word is turned into the sound of the word. • two-stage process (Levelt, 1989, 1992). • Lemma • Lexeme • `tipof- the-tongue state'

  9. 7.3 Understanding sentences:Sentence comprehension • Garden path effects • Ambiguous sentences • Inference

  10. 7.4 Understanding sentences:Sentence production Slip of the tongue phenomena • Four types which he thought to be particularly important for an understanding of speech production processes were: • Word substitutions • Word exchanges • Sound exchange • Morpheme exchange

  11. Examples of types of slips of the tongue

  12. Slips of the tongue (speech errors) • very regularized errors based on the three levels of language (phonemic, semantic, and grammatical) • errors occur within but not across levels in the heirarchy • three levels produce three categories of errors • phoneme exchanges - “dazy lays” for “lazy days” • morpheme exchanges - “slicely thinned” for “thinly sliced” • exchange is always with same part of speech ie. Stem for stem, prefix for prefix, and suffix for suffix • word exchanges - noun for noun, verb for verb • “gave my dollar a brother” for “gave my brother a dollar”

  13. 7.5 Language and thought • Relationship between language and thought • Theory of Mind

  14. 7.6 Dyslexia • Dyslexia is defined as a difficulty in reading despite an otherwise normal range of cognitive skills. • acquired dyslexia • developmental dyslexia

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