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Integumentary System

Integumentary System . ST110 Concorde Career College, Portland. Objectives. Define the term integument Describe the functions of the integumentary system List and identify the structures of the integumentary system and describe the function of each Identify the layers of the skin.

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Integumentary System

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  1. Integumentary System ST110 Concorde Career College, Portland

  2. Objectives • Define the term integument • Describe the functions of the integumentary system • List and identify the structures of the integumentary system and describe the function of each • Identify the layers of the skin

  3. Objectives • List the appendages of the integumentary system and describe the function of each • Describe the mechanism by which the integumentary system helps to maintain homeostasis

  4. Objectives • Describe common diseases, disorders, and conditions of the integumentary system including signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and available treatment options • Demonstrate knowledge of medical terminology related to the integumentary system verbally and in the written form

  5. General Information • The term integument means covering • The integumentary system consists of the skin and its appendages • The skin is a membrane because it is a thin layer of tissue that covers the entire body

  6. General Information • Largest organ • First line of defense • Protects against the invasion of microbes • Barrier for ultraviolet rays • Covers and protect external surface & internal structures • Aids in control of body temperature • Sense of touch- organ activity • Self-repairing/Regenerating • Waterproof barrier • Manufacturing of Vitamin D • Drug absorption

  7. Interesting Facts Contents of one square centimeter of skin!

  8. Three Main Functions of the Skin 1. Protection 2. Regulation 3. Receptors

  9. Function - Protection • First line of defense from microbes, chemicals, UV rays… • Melanin protects us to a degree, however repeated & long exposure to the sun w/o protection can lead to skin cancer

  10. Function - Regulation • Body Temperature • Radiation • Conduction • Convection • Hypothermia • Hyperthermia

  11. Function - Regulation • Vitamin D • UV rays from the sun stimulate the production of Vitamin D progenitor molecules by the skin • These molecules travel to the liver and kidneys where they mature into Vitamin D • Essential for metabolism of calcium

  12. Function - Receptors • Sensation • Touch/pressure • Pain • Warmth • Cold • Nerve endings act as receptors for sensation • Thermoreceptors: Temperature • Nociceptors: Pain • Mechanoreceptors: Touch/pressure/stretch • Receptors send messages to the cerebral cortex for interpretation

  13. Functions - Receptors • Merkel Discs (Cells): touch impulses • Pacinian Corpuscles: sense pressure & vibrations • Meissner’s Corpuscles: sense changes in texture & slow vibrations • Ruffini Corpuscles: senses slipping and stretching • Krause end Bulbs aka mucocutaneous Corpuscles: detect temperature

  14. Structures of the Integumentary System • Epidermis • Dermis • Subcutaneous Layer • Appendages of the skin • Sweat glands • Sebaceous glands • Hair • Nails

  15. Skin Layers

  16. Epidermis squamous epithelium (scale like) “tightly packed together”

  17. Epidermis • Outer most layer of the skin and is avascular • Composed of Stratified SquamousKeratinized Epithelium • Keratinocytes –epidermal cells • Does not contain blood vessels

  18. Layers of the Epidermis 1. Stratum corneum 2. Stratum lucidum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum spinosum 5. Stratum basale

  19. Integumentary System Stratum Germinativum • Deepest layer • Contains the only cells that perform mitosis • Also called the stratum basale • The layer that rests on the superficial fascia • Contains melanocytes - melanin is produced in this layer

  20. Integumentary System Stratum Spinosum • Many layers • Spiny-shaped cells

  21. Integumentary System Stratum Granulosum • Two or three layers thick • Flattened cells • Granules accumulate here

  22. Integumentary System Stratum Lucidum • Just below the stratum corneum • Cells are transparent and flat • One or two layers thick

  23. Integumentary System Stratum Corneum • Outermost layer of the epidermis • Consists of dead cells converted to protein • Surrounded by lipids • Constantly being sloughed off • Dandruff • The thickness of the layer is determined by the amount of stimulation or pressure • Callus-area exposed to much abrasion and friction • Corn-abrasions on bony prominences of the foot

  24. Dust Mites

  25. Dermis • Deeper of the two layers of skin • Aka corium • Located below the epidermis • Contains capillary vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands • Composed of loose fibrous connective tissue • Divided into 2 layers: • Papillary layer • Dermal papillae • Reticular layer

  26. Integumentary System Divisions of the Dermis 1. Papillary layer 2. Reticular layer

  27. Dermis Cells loosely packed together (mostly connective tissue)

  28. Subcutaneous Tissue Layer • Aka Hypodermis • Connects dermis to underlying structures • Consists of areolar and adipose tissue • Adipocytes: cells that store fat • Insulates from cold • Acts as a cushion for internal organs

  29. Hair • Characteristic of all mammals • Amount of hair is related to genetic factors • Growth • The deepest layer of cells is responsible for mitosis and continuously is pushed up from the basement membrane • Hair growth begins in the hair bulb • Scalp Hair typically grows for 3 years and rests for 1 to 2 years • The presence of the hair follicles allows for new growth

  30. Hair • Hair areas: • Cuticle-outermost portion • Cortex-underneath the cuticle • Medulla-central portion • Shaft-visible portion • Hair root-inside hair follicle in the stratum germinativum • ArrectorPili Muscle-attached to hair follicle

  31. Hair • Texture • Genetics control if the hair is curly, straight, kinky • Color • Determined by heredity and some environmental factors • Gray hair starts to occur when pigment is absent in the cortex

  32. Hair

  33. Hair • Alopecia (al-uh-pee-shee-uh)= The partial or complete absence of hair from areas of the body where it normally grows; baldness • Hirsutism (hur-soo-tiz-uhm) = Excessive hairiness, especially in women

  34. Hair Root and Sheaths

  35. Nails Medical Term onxy/onych = nail

  36. Nails • Very hard keratinized cells • Nail areas • Lunula-white half-moon shaped area at nail base • Nail body-visible area • Nail root-inside the nail bed • Cuticle-a layer of stratum corneum extending over the nail body • Free edge

  37. Nails

  38. Sebaceous Glands • Along the walls of hair follicles • Produce sebum-oily substance that lubricates skin • Vernixcaseosa • Acne

  39. Sebaceous Glands • Located throughout the body • Largest # in face • Very active in puberty (due to androgen) • Excess of sebum within the glands • Glands become clogged (blackhead) • Easily infected (pimple) • Meibomian Glands: • Largest sebaceous glands • Located in the eyelids

  40. Sudoriferous Glands Sweat Glands (Sudoriferous Glands) • Two main types • Merocrine • Apocrine • Found in most body regions except margins of lips and head of penis • Consist of a secretory portion and an excretory duct • Body Odor • Modified glands • Ceruminous, ciliary, mammary

  41. Trivia • The odor associated with apocrine gland secretion is not caused by the secretion itself… it is caused by the contamination and decomposition of the secretion by skin bacteria!!!

  42. Ceruminous Glands • Located in the dermis of the auditory canal • Secrete yellow substance called Cerumen(ear wax) • Prevents auditory canal and tympanic membrane from drying out

  43. Cerumen

  44. Blood Supply • Arterioles supplying the skin help maintain body temperature • Vasodilate: increasing blood flow to the dermis, transferring heat to the skin surface to escape from the body

  45. Skin Pigmentation • Melanin concentrations determine the variations in skin color of individuals and races as well as Suntans and Freckles • Melanin protects keratinocytes from the carcinogenic ultraviolet rays of the sun • Albinism – recessive gene or mutation that prevents the production of melanin. Therefore the individual has no skin color • Cyanosis - Caused by a lack of blood oxygen or decreased blood flow; turns skin a bluish-gray color

  46. Immune Response of the Skin • Langerhans cells • phagocytize bacteria that enter through breaks in the skin • Attack cancerous cells • Attract T-cells important in allergic reactions • Allergic contact dermatitis

  47. Common Disorders and Diseases • Ringworm • Fungus • Athlete’s foot • Jock itch

  48. Common Disorders and Diseases • Psoriasis • Unknown cause • Red patches covered with thick, dry scales • Overproduction of epithelial cells

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