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PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

Chapter Four. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT. The Brain and Nervous System. Major Structures of the Brain. The Brain and Nervous System. Synaptic Development. Synaptic Development. Both processes heavily dependent on experiences Follows “ use it or lose it ” dictum

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PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

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  1. Chapter Four PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

  2. The Brain and Nervous System

  3. Major Structures of the Brain

  4. The Brain and Nervous System

  5. Synaptic Development

  6. Synaptic Development Both processes heavily dependent on experiences • Follows “use it or lose it” dictum • Early flexibility allows children to adapt to environment better • Programmed plasticity is in its height in infancy

  7. Myelinization • Formation of myelin sheath • Cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns • Developmental path • Functions

  8. The Neuron

  9. Myelinization

  10. Lateralization • Corpus callosum growth and maturation • Left and Right Brain Dominance • Lateralization • Sign language learning

  11. Lateralization of Brain Functions

  12. Lateralization Spatial Perception: Ability to identify and act on relationships of objects in space • Relative right-left orientation

  13. Lateralization Spatial cognition: ability to infer rules from and make predictions about the movements of objects in space • Gender differences • Environmental influences

  14. Lateralization Handedness • Prevalence • Incidences • Appearance

  15. Bones, Muscles, and Motor Skills • Patterns of Change in Size and Shape: Height and Weight Gains

  16. Growth Curve Shifts

  17. Bones, Muscles and Motor Skills Bones • Fontanels • Skull soft spots that fuse as bones grow • Filled in by 12-18 months • Ossification • The process of bone hardening • Occurs steadily from birth to puberty

  18. Bones, Muscles, and Motor Skills Muscles and Fat • Virtually all muscle fibers are present at birth • Developmental changes • Gender differences • Strength

  19. Sex Differences in Strength

  20. Bones, Muscles, and Motor Skills Using the Body • Stamina • Changes are linked to growth of the heart and lungs, especially during puberty • Before puberty, boys and girls are similar in physical strength, speed, and stamina • After puberty, boys are ahead in all three • Motor Development • Gross motor skills develop earlier than fine motor skills • Fine motor skills develop rapidly in the elementary school years

  21. Stages in Children’s Drawings

  22. The Endocrine and Reproductive Systems Hormones • Pituitary gland • Thyroid and pituitary growth hormones • Adrenal androgen • Gonadatrophic hormones

  23. The Endocrine and Reproductive Systems

  24. Sequence of Changes in Girls and Boys Girls • Development of pubic hair and breasts • Growth spurt follows • Menarche follows 2 years after other visible signs • Occurs between 12 ½ and 13 ½ • Follows a secular trend—caused by changes in diet and lifestyle • Possible to conceive shortly after menarche, but irregularity is the norm

  25. Sequence of Pubertal Changes in Girls

  26. Sequence of Changes in Girls and Boys Boys • Growth spurts come later in the stages than in girls • Development of beard and lowering of voice comes late in the stages • Boys can attain fertility as early as age 12 or as late as age 16

  27. Sequence of Pubertal Changes in Boys

  28. The Timing of Puberty

  29. Timing of Puberty and Body Image

  30. The Timing of Puberty

  31. Questions to Ponder • Remembering your own adolescence, • Were you an early, normal, or late bloomer? • How did your body changes affect your mental image and your behaviors? • Does the research on sexual behavior match your experiences and that of your friends? Why or why not? ? ? ?

  32. Sexual Behavior in Adolescence Prevalence of Sexual Behavior • Gender differences • Multiple partners • High school sexual experience across ethnic groups

  33. Sexual Experience among High School Students in the United States

  34. Explaining Adolescent Sexual Behavior • Social factors are better predictors of sexual activity than hormones

  35. Explaining Adolescent Sexual Behavior

  36. Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Sex Education

  37. Teenage Pregnancy • Higher in United States than in any other Western industrialized country • Ethnic differences • Older adolescent births are more common

  38. Teenage Pregnancy

  39. Homosexuality: Biological Basis Hypothesis

  40. Homosexuality: Programmed at Birth Hypothesis

  41. Homosexuality Pattern of realization of homosexuality • May begin in middle childhood • Homosexual fantasies begin in teen years • Full awareness and acceptance appear to take place in early adulthood • Slow process may lead to isolation and peer rejection

  42. Health and Wellness Health in Childhood • Health Care Needs • Illnesses and Accidents • Age and Gender Differences

  43. Health and Wellness

  44. Health and Wellness

  45. Prevalence of Overweight Children and Teens

  46. Poverty and Health • Poor children miss more days of school • The cycle of poverty

  47. Health and Wellness Adolescent Health • Health Care Issues • May develop physical symptoms to parental or peer rejection • Most likely to need medical care for accidents

  48. Health and Wellness Adolescent Health • Sensation-Seeking • Desire to experience high levels of arousal • Increased rates of accidents • Risky behaviors help teenagers gain peer acceptance and establish autonomy

  49. Health and Wellness Alcohol and Drug Use • More common in sensation-seekers • Peers who drink or use drugs seek out others who do the same Parentalperceptions influence abstinence from drugs and alcohol • Parents need to take a proactive approach to prevention

  50. Illicit Drug Use Trends among Teenagers

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