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Case Study: BOSNIAN WAR

Case Study: BOSNIAN WAR. Saif Khan Mai Sumita Maho Takahashi. Background. End of WW I WW II : Serbs and Croats fight on opposite sides 1945 - Josip Broz (Tito) takes the office of Prime Minister. Tito ideology. Jews. T I T O. WE CAN ALL BE BROs !!. Gypsies. Croats.

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Case Study: BOSNIAN WAR

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  1. Case Study: BOSNIAN WAR Saif Khan Mai Sumita Maho Takahashi

  2. Background End of WW I WW II: Serbs and Croats fight on opposite sides 1945 - Josip Broz (Tito) takes the office of Prime Minister

  3. Tito ideology Jews T I T O WE CAN ALL BE BROs !! Gypsies Croats Serb Chetniks Serbs Communists • Need for unity: Open animosity against any group prohibited • 1980 - Tito dies

  4. Serbian Renewal Movement 1986 - Unification movement is shattered Slovenes and Croats reply with own brand of nationalism 1987 - Slobodan Milosevic comes into power. Forms alliances with Serbs nationalists: ‘Greater Serbia’ First target: Kosovo and Vojvodina: (FIRST POSSIBLE INTERVENTION POINT)

  5. 1991 600,000 Serbs living in Croatia promised armed support by Milosevic Hostilities from Croatian Govt. (HDA Party) too Serb paramilitaries and JNA forces attack Krajina region CSCE and EC try to broker ceasefire agreements, send EU monitors on ground to oversee negotiations.

  6. 1991 July andSeptember - France, Germany, Netherlands and Italy propose to send armed forces to impose peace. England says nay PM Major: ‘Western intervention would extend the fighting perhaps to Bosnia, Macedonia, or elsewhere.’ Alternative action available? Recognize secessionist states as sovereign ones -> Arm states against Serb nationalists, back by air strikes, BUT Would have required physical troops if strikes unsuccessful Would have set a precedent for secessionist movements (Soviet Union, India, Romania and China fearful)

  7. 1991 What actually happened 25. Sept - Resolution 713: Mandatory Arms Embargo. No effect on Serb attack but spells doom for Bosnian defenders.

  8. 1992 2. Jan - Bosnian president requests 2,000-3,000 peacekeepers Jan –Slovenian and Croatian independence recognized by the EU

  9. 1992 Ethnic Cleansing Begins 29. Feb - Bosnia declares independence, but gets boycotted by the Serbs 6. Apr - Bosnia’s independence is recognized by the European Union -Serbia sieges Sarajevo and takes in control of Bosnia, ethnic cleansing starts

  10. 1992 International Community still hesitant on direct force intervention… Early Apr - Request is repeated by Bosnian foreign minister, Silajdzic. 7.Apr– Resolution 749is passed and European Community is persuaded to put in effort to bring ceasefire and opportunity for political negotiation. Resolution 749: Decides to authorize the earliest possible full deployment of the United Nations Protection Force; Calls upon all parties and others concerned not to resort to violence, particularly in any area where the Force is to be based or deployed

  11. 1992 Late Apr- Security Council ceases any interference outside Bosnia that blocks the delivery of humanitarian aid immediately. UNPROFOR (UN Protection Force) in Sarajevo provide humanitarian aid and support

  12. 1992 27. May - EC ambassadors impose small sanction against Serbia and Montenegro, freeze all export-credit guarantees and take their hands off the scientific and technical corporation. No regulation on trading of oil. July - Security Council permits Resolution 764 “to ensure the security and functioning of Sarajevo airport and the delivery of humanitarian assistance”

  13. 1992 End of July - At this point: • More than 1 million Bosnians homeless. • 500,000 have fled • Many Muslim women and girls have been raped

  14. 1992 3. Aug- Bosnia released from arms embargo by Security Council (under Article 51 of the UN Charter) to “achieve the right to individual and collective self-defence” 13. Aug- Security Council passes Resolution 770, which authorizes “all measures necessary (including force) to ensure the delivery of humanitarian aid”

  15. 1992 Aug- Security Council authorizes Resolution 776 and increases number of troops to 6,000. - US and UK hesitate to send their ground troops, but UK eventually decides to send 1,800 at disposal of the UN -Media tensions rise - UNHCR members each pledge US $152 million for refugee support

  16. 1993 7. Jan – Bosnian Serb village of Kravica attacked by ARBiH. Led to reprisals from Bosnian Serbs

  17. 1993 April – Serbs attack Srebrenica Leading to: Constant shelling by Bosnian Serbs Increasing number of refugees Devastating living condition

  18. 1993 16. Apr – Resolution 819: Under Chapter VII of UN Charter, declares Srebrenica as a safe area, to be free from any armed attack. Resolution extends UNPROFOR’s role to protecting the safe area, increases number of personnel Resolution 824: Adds Sarajevo, Tuzla, Žepa, Goražde, Bihać to list of safe areas .

  19. 1993 Why the ‘Safe Area’ policy? US and other Non-Aligned group of Security Council Intensity of intervention ‘SAFE AREA’ POLICY European Countries

  20. 1993 Ineffectiveness of Safe Area Policy Bosnian Muslims had to get disarmed too. Resolution 819, Paragraph 1 “Demands that all parties and others concerned treat Srebrenica and its surroundings as a safe area which should be free from any armed attack or any other hostile act” Bosnian Serbs did not respect the resolution No enforcement action in case the resolution was not implemented

  21. 1993 4. Jun - Resolution 836: Extends UNPROFOR’s role of deferring attack against safe areas Results of Safe Area Policy Situation in Srebrenica got worse Bosnian Serbs’ reprisals Late May – After brief ceasefire, Serbs’ attack on Civilians intensifies

  22. 1994 9. Feb- Under the request of UN, NATO launched air strike against artillery and mortar positions around Sarajevo 23. Feb- The end of Croat-Bosniak war with Washington agreement 10-11. Apr- UNPROFOR’s air strike to protect Gorazde(one of the safe areas) 14. Apr- Serbs take UN personnel as hostage 12-13. Nov- US lifts arms embargo against Bosnia

  23. 1995 July- Army of RepublikaSrpska (VRS) occupied Srebrenica, another UN safe area 7,414 Muslim men murdered; the worst war crime of the whole war Early Aug- “Operation Storm” by Croat-Bosniak army takes over Krajina region in Croatia

  24. 1995 30. Aug- 14. Sep - Operation Deliberate Force (massive air strike led by NATO to undermine the capability of VRS) begins Operation Deliberate Force: Launched about 300 air crafts Serb responded with arm campaign to take Bosnia under their control Committed in bringing Serbia to Dayton Peace Conference

  25. 1995 12. Oct - 60-day ceasefire comes into effect 1. Nov -Peace talks begin in Dayton, Ohio 14. Dec - Peace agreement signed in Paris

  26. Conclusion according to Wheeler’s Criteria -Minimum Criteria ①Supreme Humanitarian Emergency ②Last Resort/Necessity ③Proportionality ④Positive Humanitarian Outcome Short term Long term Long term

  27. Conclusion according to Wheeler’s Criteria -Optional Criteria ⑤Humanitarian Motive ⑥Humanitarian Justification ⑦Legality ⑧Selectivity

  28. Summary • 1991 – Serbs attack Krajina region (Croatia) -> International Community hesitant to intervene -> Arms Embargo • 1992 – Start of ethnic cleansing & hesitancy of International Community • 1993 – The Setback of “Safe-Area” Policy • 1994 & 1995 - NATO air raid, end of the war

  29. Aftermath • Estimated number of 100,000 people were killed (80% Bosniak) • Many migrants (about half million people) are not back in Bosnia yet because of financial reason • After the war, EU and NATO provided peacekeeping force for Bosnia’s stablity • In early 2007, International Crisis Group warned that ethnic nationalism remains strong still

  30. Bosnia after the conflict War crime and trials…: -Milosevic’s legal procedure started from 2002 -Milosevic argued that he did not directly commited some of the crimes, such as ordering killing and raping -He died during the legal procedure -Two Bosnian Serb officials were sentenced 22 years in jail

  31. Bosnia after the conflict Bosnia’s government today -New government was formed in 2011. (Total of 10 ministers- 4 Bosniaks, 3 Serbs, 3 Croats) -Multi ethnic party, Social Democratic Party (SDP) has the largest support (25%)

  32. http://isme.tamu.edu/JSCOPE00/Barnes00.html#_ftnref3 http://theredhunter.com/just_war_theory/ http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930222a.htm http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930331a.htm http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930416a.htm http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bosnias-safe-areas-west-sets-the-stage-for-a-human-tragedy-the-creation-of-un-safe-refugee-zones-proceeds-apace-in-these-diseaseridden-camps-thousands-of-orphaned-muslim-children-with-no-hope-for-the-future-will-turn-to-crime-or-terrorism-1490291.html http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930604a.htm Saving Strangers, Nicholas J. Wheeler, Oxford university press, p. 251-253

  33. http://www.history.com/topics/bosnian-genocide http://isme.tamu.edu/JSCOPE00/Barnes00.html#_ftnref3 http://theredhunter.com/just_war_theory/ http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930222a.htm http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930331a.htm http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930416a.htm http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bosnias-safe-areas-west-sets-the-stage-for-a-human-tragedy-the-creation-of-un-safe-refugee-zones-proceeds-apace-in-these-diseaseridden-camps-thousands-of-orphaned-muslim-children-with-no-hope-for-the-future-will-turn-to-crime-or-terrorism-1490291.html http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930604a.htm Saving Strangers, Nicholas J. Wheeler, Oxford university press, p. 251-253

  34. http://www.e-ir.info/2011/08/23/normative-power-still-matters-adopting-the-srebrenica-resolution/http://www.e-ir.info/2011/08/23/normative-power-still-matters-adopting-the-srebrenica-resolution/ • http://www.eoslifework.co.uk/balkaft.htm • http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17211415 • http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/03/201332717273192473.html • http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-100354/Milosevic-blasts-war-crimes-trial.html • http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/03/11/milosevic.trial/ • http://www.history.com/topics/bosnian-genocide • http://www.europeanforum.net/country/bosnia_herzegovina • http://www.womenundersiegeproject.org/conflicts/profile/bosnia • http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2012/04/04/timeline-conflict-bosnia-hercegovina

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