ENG098 Punctuation Review

1. ENG098 Punctuation Review Focus textbook Ch. 26-28

2. Ch. 26: Using Commas There are seven main uses of commas: 1. To separate items in a series (list) Dan, Tim, and John all work at the Tutoring Lab. 2. After introductory clauses or phrases, and after transitional words and phrases After class, I did my homework. 3. To set off an appositive (a word/phrase that describes a noun/pronoun) Todd, a freshman at Salem Community College, wants to be a physical therapist. 4. To set off nonrestrictive clauses (clauses that are not essential to the sentence’s meaning) Credit card fraud, which costs consumers billions of dollars each year, is a top concern of the government. The paper,after it was revised and edited, received a higher grade.

3. Ch. 26: Using Commas (Cont.) 5. With everyday material like dates, addresses and numbers My sister lives at 22 Vesper Avenue, Anywhere, New Jersey. The surprise party will be on January 23, 2013. She has a total of $88,000 in her bank account. 6. Between two complete thoughts joined by a conjunction I have moved six times since the seventh grade, but I have maintained many friendships. 7. With direct quotes “If you don’t have anything nice to say,” Sara said, “don’t say anything at all.”

4. Ch. 27: Using Apostrophes Apostrophes are used for two reasons: • To indicate the omission of one or more letters in a word (contractions) • doesn’t • can’t • Note: “it’s” indicates a contraction of “it is,” whereas “its” indicates possession“its roof” • To show ownership or possession • My mom’s iPhone • Aretha’s best friend • The dog’s ball

5. Ch. 28: Using Correct Capitalization Practice 28-1 • Capitalize the first word in every sentence • Prewriting is useful. • Capitalize the first word in a direct quote • Sarah commented, “That exam was difficult.” • Capitalize proper nouns • Capitalize races, ethnic groups, nationalities, languages, and religions. • African American; English; Hinduism; God, the Bible • Capitalize the names of specifc people, including the pronoun “I” • Mr. Thomas Smith; President Nelson Mandela; Aunt Patricia and Uncle Joe • Capitalize the names of specific places, cities, states, and geographic areas • Carneys Point, New Jersey; Paris, France • Capitalize government and public offices and buildings and names of organizations • House of Representatives; the White House; Boy Scouts • Capitalize the names of months, days of the week, holidays, and major historical events • Tuesday, January 23rd; Thanksgiving; World War II • Capitalize the names of brand name products • Pampers; Pepperidge Farm Goldfish • Capitalize specific course titles • English Composition I • In titles, capitalize the first letter of each word except articles, prepositions and conjunctions • Biology: The Study of Life

6. Ch. 28: Using Quotation Marks • A direct quotation shows the exact words of a speaker/writer. Direct quotations should always be placed in quotation marks. • Quotation marks (“Hello”) are always used in pairs to separate a direct quotation from the sentence that contains it. A tag is also often included to show who said the quoted material. • “I’m going to fail this test,” Kyle admitted, “because I didn’t study.” • Note, punctuation goes inside of quotation marks, with the only exception being question marks and exclamation points when they are not part of the quoted material. • What did Kyle mean when he said, “I didn’t study”? • Complete Practice 28-2 to practice using quotation marks correctly • Quotation marks are also used to indicate titles of songs, short stories, articles, reports, and essays. • Amy Tan wrote a terrific essay titled, “Mother Tongue.”

7. Ch. 28: Setting off titles • When to use italics • Book titles: A Farewell to Arms • Newspaper titles: The South Jersey Times • Magazine titles: Newsweek • Titles of plays: Phantom of the Opera • Titles of films: Forest Gump • Television or radio series: Breaking Bad • Paintings and sculptures: American Gothic • Video game titles: Call of Duty: Black Ops • When to use quotations • Book chapters: “Understanding the Active Reading Process” • Short stories: “The Tell-Tale Heart” • Essays and articles: “Do You Code-Switch?” • Songs and speeches: “Take Me To Church” by Hozier • Individual episodes of television or radio series: “Face-Off” (episode of AMC series Breaking Bad) Practice 28-3

8. Ch. 28: Using Abbreviations When to abbreviate: When not to abbreviate: Do not abbreviate geographic or other place names in a sentence. Write: I went to New York. Not: I went to N.Y. Write: Hollywood Avenue Not: Hollywood Ave. Do not abbreviate parts of written works in a sentence. Write: I read chapter three. Not: I read ch. 3. Do not abbreviate days, months or holidays. Tuesday not Tues. Do not abbreviate or use symbols for common words like “and,” “at,” and “etcetera.” Do not use: & @ etc. • You can abbreviate some titles before and after people’s names • Mr. Ling • Samantha Smith, M.D. • You can abbreviate time references • 7:30 a.m. • You can abbreviate acronyms of organizations • CIA, FBI, NRA Practice 28-6

9. Ch. 28: Using Numbers Numbers can be written as numerals (600) or words (six hundred). Here are the guidelines for when to use numerals and when to use words: Use numerals: Use words: For numbers ten and under Nine students When numbers begin a sentence Fifteen students ate lunch. • For numbers 11 and higher • 547 students • For days and years • January 23, 2014 • For decimals, percentages and fractions • 57 percent • 1 2/3 cups • For exact times and exact amounts of money • 9:27 a.m. • $5.60 • For pages, chapters, volumes • Chapter 12 • For addresses • 460 Hollywood Avenue • Scores and statistics • 23—33 Practice 28-7

10. Ch. 28: Using Semicolons • Use a semicolon (;) to separate two closely related independent clauses that are not connected by a coordinating conjunction. Tia had a 98 average in English; she earned an A. • You can also use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb. Edgar earned an A on his last math test; consequently, he was exempt from taking the final exam.

11. Ch. 28: Using Colons • Use a colon to introduce a quotation that follows an introductory independent clause. • My brother made his point clear: “Never borrow my car without asking me first!” • Use a colon to introduce an explanation or an example. • Mathematics is enjoyable: it requires a high degree of accuracy and peak concentration. • Use a colon (:) to introduce items in a series after an independent clause. • I am wearing three popular colors: lime green, hot pink, and neon purple. • Use a colon to signal a list or a statement introduced by an independent clause ending with “the following” or “as follows.” • The directions are as follows: take Main Street to Oak Avenue and then turn left. • Use a colon to separate titles and subtitles. • Biology: The Study of Life

12. Ch. 28: Using Other Punctuation Dashes and Parentheses • The dash(—) is used to separate nonessential elements from the main part of a sentence and can be used to emphasize an idea or create a dramatic effect. • My sister—the friendliest person I know—will visit me this weekend. • My brother had a high paying job—or so I thought until I heard of his bankruptcy. • Parentheses( ) are used in pairs to separate extra or nonessential information that often clarifies or acts as an aside to the main point. Unlike dashes, parentheses de-emphasize information. • Some large breeds of dogs (golden retrievers and Newfoundlands) are susceptible to hip deformities. • The prize was dinner for two (maximum value $50). Practice with semicolons, colons, dashes, and parentheses in Practice 28-8