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Immigrants and Migrants. “We are American history.” A Slight Paraphrasing of Oscar Handlin A Presentation by John J. Grabowski, Ph.D. Case Western Reserve University, Western Reserve Historical Society TAH Workshop, Akron, OH November 2009. What, Who are We Talking About?.
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Immigrants and Migrants “We are American history.” A Slight Paraphrasing of Oscar Handlin A Presentation by John J. Grabowski, Ph.D. Case Western Reserve University, Western Reserve Historical Society TAH Workshop, Akron, OH November 2009
What, Who are We Talking About? • Immigrants and Immigration • Migrants and Migration • Emigrants and Emigration
Ravenstein’s Laws – Why Do People Move? • Push Factors • Usually Negative • Pull Factors • Often Positive
Ravenstein Continued – How Do People Move? • Technologies of Knowing When and Where to Move • Technologies of Moving • Technologies of Cultural Retention
Who Are the “typical” Migrants and Immigrants? • What are the typical ages? • What are the typical genders? • What are the typical social levels? • Single or Married??? • What are the typical occupations?
The Nation of Immigrants– A Quick Overview of Immigration Periods in American History
Colonial Migration– ca. 1607-1790 • England • Ireland – Scots Irish • Scotland • Wales • German states and principalities • France and Haiti • Scotland • Sweden • Netherlands • Africa
The “Old” Immigration, ca. 1820-1880 • Ireland • England, Wales • The German States and Principalities • Scandinavia • China • From within the United States
The “New” Immigration, ca. 1880-1921 • Southern Europe – Italy, Greece, etc. • Central Europe – Austria Hungary • Eastern Europe – Russia • Asia – China (to 1882), Japan, Korea, Ottoman Empire
The Era of Restriction – 1921-1965 • Internal US – American South, Puerto Rico • Europe – Post WWII “Displaced Persons” • Mexico • Refugees from Communism – Cuba, Hungary • Middle East
The “New” New Immigration – 1965 to the present • Initially from Europe • Then predominantly from: • Asia • Mexico, South America • The Middle East
Immigration Policy – Dates to Remember • 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act • 1882 Federal Control of Immigration • 1891 Polygamists, Loathsome or dangerous contagious diseases • 1892 Ellis Island • 1903 Anarchists, Saboteurs, Epileptics, and Professional Beggars • 1906 Immigration and Naturalization Service • 1907 Gentlemen’s Agreement • 1917 Literacy Act and the Pacific Barred Zone
Immigration Policy – Dates to Remember, Part 2 • 1921 Emergency Quota Act • 1924 Quota Act (National Origins) • 1947, 1952 Refugee, Displaced Person laws. • 1952 Walter-McCarren Act • 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. • 1986 Immigration and Control Act • 1990 Immigration Act – Diversity Lottery
Citizenship • Naturalization • Federal and State Differences • Federal Standards for Residency • 1790 – two years • 1795– five years (Federalists) • 1798– fourteen years • 1801 – five years
Citizenship– The Right to “be” American (slide 1) • 1790 – Free White Males • 1857– Dred Scott Decision • 1866 – Civil Rights Act – All born in US, except Indians, can become citizens • 1870 – African Descent • 1887 – Dawes Act – Acculturated Indians • 1906 – Aliens, Ineligible to Become Citizens • 1907 – Women who marry Ineligible Aliens forfeit their citizenship • 1922 -- Cable Act – Independent Citizenship for married women. • 1924 – All Native Americans are Citizens
Citizenship– The Right to “be” American (slide 2) • 1943 – Chinese can enter and also can become citizens • 1946– East Indians and Filipinos can become citizens • 1952—All are eligible for citizenship
What Happens to Immigrants and Migrants? Do They Become American? Or, Does America Change Because of Them?
Words • Americanization • Assimilation • Acculturation • Anglo-Conformity • The Melting Pot • Cultural Pluralism/salad bowl, mosaic, etc.
Religion as Culture and Community • A Center for Belief • A Center for Organization • A Center for Education • Assurance of Continuity
