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Tradition and Change in East Asia

Tradition and Change in East Asia. Ming and Qing Dynasties and their interaction with Europe. The rise of the Ming. Mongols in decline with the death of Kublai Khan, finally overthrown in 1368. Massive peasant (Red Turban) rebellion led by Hongwu (Zhu Yuanzhang)

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Tradition and Change in East Asia

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  1. Tradition and Change in East Asia Ming and Qing Dynasties and their interaction with Europe

  2. The rise of the Ming • Mongols in decline with the death of Kublai Khan, finally overthrown in 1368. • Massive peasant (Red Turban) rebellion led by Hongwu (Zhu Yuanzhang) • Hongwu a peasant who turned Buddhist Monk to survive, brought about a powerful centralized state.

  3. Return to Confucianism • Six ministries atop an elaborate bureaucracy administered by Civil Service Exam. • Empire divided into provinces, districts, and counties. • Villages largely autonomous.

  4. Great Wall

  5. Ming fortifications • While the wall had begun during the Qin age, the wall was largely completed during the Ming. • The most frequently visited parts are Ming contributions.

  6. Ming Restoration • Abandonment of all that was Mongol, names, dress, writings, and politics. A complete restoration of everything Chinese was instituted. • Significant rebirth of Confucianism.

  7. The Politics of Hongwu • Common/orphan origins • Rose in military ranks • Government marked by: suspicion, scorn for pretentious manners of the scholar class, and a deep respect for the past.

  8. Government • Census established (rice taxation) • Mandatory and “replenatory” service • Comparisons to Louis XIV • Forced relocation and family limits for service • Exam system • Eunuch secret police

  9. The Purges • Honwu killed his prime minister and the commander of the armies suspecting a coup. • Purges totaled 100,000 deaths. • Emperor would now handle all tasks—a daunting task indeed.

  10. Use of Eunuchs • Eunuchs were used with increasing frequency due to the paranoid Hongwu and his fear of assassination. • 70,000 were working for the imperial palace by the end of Hongwu’s reign.

  11. Ming Agricultural Revolution • Historians estimate that 1,000,000,000 trees were planted during the Ming Age! Reforestation • Rice and rice paddy changes • Irrigation pumps • Destruction of malaria beds • Land grants

  12. Ming and the World • Ming state outlawed international trade in 1372 • China insisted on a vision of cultural superiority and made visitors acknowledge this.

  13. Emperor Yongle • Arose to power in the wake of the death of Hongwu • Known for his maritime expansion and the Yongle encyclopedia. • His extravagant patronage of a male lover harmed the state

  14. Yongle’s legacy • Champion of overseas exploration under Zheng He.

  15. Zheng He • Reached east coast of Africa and brought back extraordinary goods. (including Islam) • Went against the traditional Ming outlook. Fearing further Mongol assaults, Yongle ordered the expeditions closed.

  16. Further isolation • After Yongle’s death international trade abolished, the amazing fleet of 3500 ships was destroyed, and coastal population moved inland.

  17. Relations with West • Contacts with rest of world • 1514 Portuguese reach China • 1567 Japanese smuggling and Portuguese persistence lead to end of prohibition on foreign trade • 1582 Matteo Ricci, reaches China

  18. Intellectual Surge • Government service the only way to being an elite, so a Confucian surge emerged. • Officials served efficiently and provided stability. • Surge of school building, and the publication of Chinese stories. • Yongle Encylcopedia • Porcelain art • Printing • Textile and Silk

  19. Ming Decline • Population increase • Ming Civil Wars • Emperor Wan Li • Weak Military • Climate changes • Persistent isolation • Revolts • Foolish attacks on Mongols by Ying Zoung • Last Ming Emperor committed suicide.

  20. The arrival of the Manchus • Arrived from Manchuria. • Assisted by Ming generals.

  21. Qing rules • Queue style haircuts as a sign of submission to Manchus • Intermarriage outlawed

  22. Kangxi 1661-1722 • Confucian scholar • Enlightened • Apply Confucian principles to government • “Grand Secretariat” • Quotas • Flood control, irrigation • Patronized schools • Defeated the hated Pirates • Great travels • Complete Library of the Four Treasuries • Similar to Akbar

  23. Kangxi’s Sacred Confucian Edict • Esteem most highly filial piety and brotherly submission, in order to give due importance to the social relations. • Behave with generosity toward your kindred, in order to illustrate harmony and benignity. • Cultivate peace and concord in your neighborhoods, in order to prevent quarrels and litigations • Recognize the importance of husbandry and the culture of the mulberry tree, in order to ensure a sufficiency of clothing and food. • Show that you prize moderation and economy, in order to prevent the lavish waste of your means. • Give weight to colleges and schools, in order to make correct the practice of the scholar. • Extirpate strange principles, in order to exalt the correct doctrine. • Lecture on the laws, in order to warn the ignorant and obstinate. • Elucidate propriety and yielding courtesy, in order to make manners and customs good. • Labor diligently at your proper callings, in order to stabilize the will of the people. • Instruct sons and younger brothers, in order to prevent them from doing what is wrong. • Put a stop to false accusations, in order to preserve the honest and good. • Warn against sheltering deserters, in order to avoid being involved in their punishment. • Fully remit your taxes, in order to avoid being pressed for payment. • Unite in hundreds and tithing, in order to put an end to thefts and robbery. • Remove enmity and anger, in order to show the importance due to the person and life

  24. Qing Conquests • Added vast territory such as Taiwan, conquests in Mongolia and Central Asia fortified the Chinese state, also subdued much of SE Asia.

  25. The Zenith of the Qing • Qianlong: 1736-1795 • An enlightened poet • Actually canceled taxes due to surging profits. • Expanded into the Himalayas • Growth and expansion of trade

  26. Population Growth

  27. Chinese Social Structure • Gentry, commoners, soldiers and “mean people”

  28. Qing and the West

  29. Mission of Lord MacCartney • Exemplifies the “middle kingdom” and the insular culture of China.

  30. China compared? • What reasons might explain why China doesn’t experience a revolution in social and scientific thought (Enlightenment) as Europe had?

  31. Ashikaga Shogunate 1338-1573 • Arose in the wake of the Mongol failure to conquer Japan. Japanese ruling class was weakened in its wake (Kamakura Shogunate). • Ashikaga Yoshimitsu

  32. The Golden Pavillion

  33. Warring States Period: 1467-1568 • The formation of provincial “castle towns”. • Consolodation of Samurai, similar to that of China—a power grab. • Japan was in effect 260 small countries led by rogue Daimyo. • Came to a close with the Onin War.

  34. Japan’s Three Heroes • Oda Nobunaga (new-buh-nah-ga) • Toyotomi Hideyoshi (hee-deh-yoh-she) • Tokugawa Ieyasu (Ee-aay-yah-suh) • Japanase proverb: “Oda punds the national rice cake, Hideoshi kneads it and in the end Ieyasu sits down and eats it”.

  35. Oda Nobunaga • End Warring States Period, by declaring Japan united under one “sword”. • Rose from obscure poverty to consolidate control of Japan until his assassination in 1582 • Monks of Mt. Hiei • Welcomed Jesuits—disliked Buddhism for political reasons.

  36. Toyotomi Hideyoshi • The most important figure in Japanese history. • Born the homeless son of a peasant. • Unified Japan and extended her dominion over parts of Asia (Korea) • Est. national currency • Nearly unified island’s daimyo

  37. Land survey program • Alternate residence program • Sword hunt for peace • Birth of the four class system: Samurai, Peasants, Artisans, and Merchants

  38. The Tokugawa Age • Japanese children are taught “Ieyasu ate the pie that Nobunaga made and Hideyoshi baked”. • Emerged in 1600 at the battle of Sekigahara (say-key-gah-har-ah) • In other words…he completed the work by the other two notable founders.

  39. Tokugawa Politics • Alterante residence and hostage reforms • Castle building fobidden • Sakoku-closed country

  40. Siege at Osaka • Christian Missionaries and Samurais joined with Ieyasu’s enemies…this ended the gains of Christianity in Japan. • 300,000 converts by 1600. • Ieyasu associated the Samurai war with Christianity • Christianity was ruthlessly oppressed.

  41. Opposing the West • Europeans arriving throughout the Tokugawa Age. • Visitors initially welcomed. • Hideyoshi interested in using European weapons. • Castles built on a European scale

  42. Osaka Castle

  43. Azuchi’s Castle

  44. Manumoto Castle

  45. Christianity and trade • Francis Xavier was successful making inroads into Japan. • However, the need for all citizens to owe allegiance to the Pope led Hydeoshi to abolish Christian activities on the islands. • All missionaries exiled by 1612 • Revolts such as the Christian revolt at Kyushu was bloodily suppressed • Dutch treatment…one entrance a year—could remain for 2 months.

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