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The Roman Empire

Mr. Morris World History. The Roman Empire. Key Terms Ch. 6.2 pg 160. Civil war Julius Caesar Triumvirate Augustus Pax Romana. The Republic Collapses. With Rome’s increasing power came some problems Poor people were growing upset Less military order. Economic Turmoil.

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The Roman Empire

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  1. Mr. Morris World History The Roman Empire

  2. Key Terms Ch. 6.2 pg 160 • Civil war • Julius Caesar • Triumvirate • Augustus • PaxRomana

  3. The Republic Collapses • With Rome’s increasing power came some problems • Poor people were growing upset • Less military order

  4. Economic Turmoil • The difference between rich and poor grew more and more • Rich people had huge estates run by slaves • As many as 1/3 of Rome’s population may have been slaves • Poor farmers could not compete with the large estates • Became poor migrant laborers with no homes or jobs

  5. The Brothers Gracchus • Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius, wanted to help the poor of Rome • Proposed solutions such as limiting power of estates and giving land to the poor • Both ended up dying horrible deaths after making many enemies in the senate, helping lead to civil war

  6. Military Upheaval • Soldiers would pledge allegiance to a leader instead of the republic • Leaders would promise land and money to poor farmers • Fought for the commander’s power

  7. Julius Caesar Takes Control • One of these military leaders, Julius Caesar, joined forces with Crassus, a wealthy Roman and Pompey, a popular general • These three men formed the triumvirate and dominated Roman rule for the next 10 years

  8. Julius Caesar • Served one year as consul • Then appointed himself governor of Gaul (France) • Led his soldiers to conquer all of Gaul • Won their loyalty and devotion • Pompey did not like Caesar’s power • Ordered him to disband • Caesar ignored him and defeated his armies • Caesar returned to Rome and was appointed dictator by the senate • Eventually named dictator for life

  9. Caesar’s Reforms • Many people in provinces were granted Roman citizenship • Why is this a good thing for Caesar? • Expanded the senate, adding friends • Created jobs by constructing new public buildings • Increased pay for soldiers

  10. The Death of Caesar • Many wealthy Romans and senators worried that Caesar was becoming too popular • Feared losing their political influence • Saw Caesar as a tyrant • March 15, 44 B.C. • Several important senators stabbed Caesar to death in the senate chamber

  11. Beginning of the Empire • The Roman Republic dissolved after Caesar’s death • Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus all joined forces to regain control • Second Triumvirate – 10 years • Broken up over jealousy and rivalries • Octavian ended up becoming the ruler of Rome • Became known as Augustus “exalted one” • Rome became an empire ruled by one man

  12. A Vast and Powerful Empire • For the next 207 years, there was peace throughout Rome • PaxRomana– Roman peace • More than 3 million square miles in the Roman empire • Between 60 and 80 million people • 1 million people in the city of Rome

  13. A Sound Government • Empire held together through good rulers and efficient government • Augustus – greatest ruler • Built magnificent public buildings • Set up the civil service – paid people to work for the government (tax collectors, grain supply, postal system) • After Augustus’ death, the government continued to operate smoothly due to the civil service’s effectiveness

  14. Agriculture and Trade • 90% of the people of the Roman empire were involved in farming • Most important industry • Everything else dependent upon it • More food and luxuries were brought in through trade • Money – denarius • Traded with many other places, as far as China and Russia • Used roads built for the military and boats to trade

  15. The Roman World • Romans emphasized three core values • Discipline • Strength • Loyalty • Strength better than beauty, power better than grace, usefulness better than elegance • Most people worked on farms in the countryside • Cities had soldiers, merchants, slaves, soldiers, and philosophers

  16. Slaves and Captivity • Slaves used to do work for Romans • Conquered people brought back from war • Men , women, and children • Children born to slaves became slaves • Could be bought and sold and were their owner’s property • Treated cruelly and forced to do hard manual labor all day • Some became gladiators (not by choice) • Some worked for the wealthy and were better treated • Some slaves tried to rebel – it never worked

  17. Gods and Goddesses • Powerful spirits were worshiped by the Romans • Each family was protected by the Lares • Worshiped these gods to gain favor and avoid trouble • Religion and government linked • People had to worship the gods • Jupiter – father of all gods; Juno – wife of Jupiter and protector of women; Minerva – goddess of wisdom; worship of the emperor also occurred

  18. Society and Culture • Wealth and status made differences in how people lived • Rich – large homes, gardens, slaves, luxuries • Banquets – boiled ostrich and parrot-tongue pie • Most people had very little • Majority of people in the city of Rome unemployed • Government supported these people • Government provided free games, races, mock battles and gladiator contests to keep poor happy • 150 holidays a year – 50,000 would fill the Coliseum to see gladiators and animal fights

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