Revolution from Above: Stalin’s Purges

1. 10/18/13 Revolution from Above: Stalin’s Purges • Do Now:Create a caption for the image below • IB Topic 3: Authoritarian states • Theme 2: Establishment of authoritarian and single party states • Methods: Use of Force • Nature, Extent & Treatment of the Opposition Share caption with a partner

2. What do you already know? (Background) • Source A: Extract from Hope Against Hope by N Mandelstam, London, 1971, in which Nadezhda describes her husband’s treatment. • Source B: Bukharin’s confession taken from the official report of court proceedings of his trial in Moscow, in March 1938. • Source C: Extract from an article entitled The Results of the Trial, written by Trotsky and published in his Opposition Bulletin of 1938. • Source D: Extract from Mastering Modern World History by Norman Lowe, London, 1997. • Source E: Contemporary photograph of a watchtower at a Gulag camp in Chukotka. • Osip Mandelstam • Nicolai Bukharin • Leon Trotsky • Secondary Source Information • Gulags

3. Stations Directions Procedure: Per 5 Groups: 1a. Alex A, Maslov, Miguel 2a. Coby, Alex S, Claire 3a. Hannah, Brandon, Nicole P 1b. Trent, Daniel S, Chris 2b. Deven, Alex P, Nicole C, 3b. Daniel M, Zoe, Steph, Ralph • Approx. 6-7 minutes per station • Each station = Paper 1 question (1-3) • 2 sets of stations (1-3 & 1-3)

4. Stations Directions Procedure: Per 6 Groups: 1a. Emma, Noah 2a. Alexis, Riddle 3a. Sarah, James 1b. Carina, Sam, Eric 2b. Annie, Zack 3b. Ryan, Jyothi • Approx. 6-7 minutes per station • Each station = Paper 1 question (1-3) • 2 sets of stations (1-3 & 1-3)

5. Stations Directions Procedure: Per 9 Groups: Justin, Sam M, Victoria Emily, Lucas Sam C, Tori Kiersten, Ezra Hunter, Shane Jake, Brett, • Approx. 5-6 minutes per station • Each station = Paper 1 question • 1st & 2nd stations: write down notes/ bulleted points to answer questions • 3rd & 4th station: Use notes to begin narrative

9. Question 1 (a & b): Understand Historical Sources • 1a: Why according to Source B, did Bukharin make a re-evaluation of his past? • 3 marks = give at least 3 specific pieces of evidence from the document • Paraphrase to save time • 1b: What message is conveyed by Source E? • 2 marks = 2 clear and separate points re: message of the source • Ex. "One message conveyed by the source is ______, because the source represents ________. A second message conveyed by the source is ______, because the source _________.”

10. Question 2: Compare and Contrast Historical Sources as EvidenceIn what ways do the views expressed in Source C support the conclusions expressed in Source D? • Use O-P-V-L to aid in comparisons/contrasts • Very often = a primary vs. a secondary/ historiography source • 3 Comparisons • 3 Contrasts • 1-2 paragraphs two paragraphs that include a running comparison/ contrast of the two sources • Ex: "The sources contrast in .......... While Source __ conveys .........., Source __ suggests ............."

11. Question 3: Explain the Importance and Limitations of the Source (O-P-V-L) • With reference to their Origin and Purpose, assess the value and limitations of Sources A and B for historians studying Stalin’s purges • Evaluate the sources separately • In narrative form (2 paragraphs, not bulleted lists) • Ex. "The origin of this source is ....... (what, who, when, where - take from the source details) The purpose of this source was ...... (why it was made, for whom). The source is valuable because ...........(refer to origin). The source is also valuable because ......... (refer to purpose).The source is limited because ...........(refer to origin). The source is also limited because ......... (refer to purpose)."

12. Closure • What is the most challenging component of Paper 1?

14. Mandelstam in 1934, first arrest Mandelstam in 1938, second arrest, a few months before he died in the camps

15. Bukharin, Nikolai (1888-1938) Bolshevik before the revolution Architect of NEP Editor of Pravda 1918-1929 Head of Comintern1926-1929 Formed bloc with Zinoviev, Kamenev and Stalin in 1923 against Trotsky Broke with Stalin in 1928 to lead the Right Opposition Expelled in 1929 from the party for his thoughts, he recanted soon afterwards Executed after the Third Moscow Trial in 1938 Under Gorbachev, Bukharin’s wife revealed that his confession was forced and published his hitherto secret rebuttal

16. Bulletin of the Russian Opposition 1929 to 1941 voice of the communist opposition in USSR “Old Bolsheviks” fought to keep the October Revolution and Communist International on the proletarian internationalist course for which Lenin fought. AndreyVyshinsky State Prosecutor in Moscow Show Trials

18. The most northeasterly region of present day Russia “During the cold war, Chukotka was a closed border zone, bristling with military installations that are now abandoned lots filled with the rusting detritus of Soviet power. Government permission is still required before a visit, but the Arctic beckons and is, slowly, opening itself to the possibilities of a new Russia” -NY Times, 2007 “at the edge of the earth, one of Russia’s most remote and impoverished regions, a frozen expanse bigger than Texas, with a population that could fit in the Astrodome” -NY Times, 2007 http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/weekinreview/22myers.html?_r=0

19. How to Paper 1:

20. Questions 1: Understand Historical Sources • 5 marks • Approx. 8-10 min. on exam • Always 1a & 1b • 1a: Reading comp • 3 marks  give 3 facts/example • 1b: 2 messages or meanings of a photo or cartoon (but not always) • 2 marks  2 meanings

22. Question 2: Compare and Contrast Historical Sources as Evidence • 6 Marks • 3 compare, 3 contrast • Approx. 15 min. on exam • Very often = a primary vs. a secondary/historiography source • 1-2 paragraphs that include a running comparison/ contrast of the two sources • Can be 1 long paragraph or 2 short paragraphs • Must include specific facts • Your Must address comparisons and contrasts IN RELATION TO THE QUESTION! • Ex: "The sources contrast in .......... While Source __ conveys .........., Source __ suggests ............."

24. Question 3: Explain the Importance and Limitations of the Source (O-P-V-L) • 6 Marks • O&P x 2, V x 2, L x 2 • Approx. 15 min. on exam • O-P-V-Las part of annotations • Convert into narrative form • Narrative form: • Originshould reference 5W+H • Purpose= in relation to the task • Be explicit about Value and Limitations • Evaluate the sources separately • In narrative form (2 paragraphs, not bulleted lists) • Ex. "The origin of this source is ....... (what, who, when, where - take from the source details) The purpose of this source was ...... (why it was made, for whom). The source is valuable because ...........(refer to origin). The source is also valuable because ......... (refer to purpose).The source is limited because ...........(refer to origin). The source is also limited because ......... (refer to purpose)."

26. Common Limitations…

27. Question 4… 20+ minutes 8 Marks Answer the Q – Opposing View – Justify the 2 • 3 arguments  agree, disagree, both • Format: • Intro + Thesis • Body 1: Answer the question using strongest argument, document support, outside info & historiography • Body 2: Present the other side of the argument, use contrasting document support, outside info & historiography • Body 3: A balanced response to the essay question…still using document support, outside info & historiography

28. Question 4 in General • Use key information identified in initial read through of documents (this is why we annotate) • What outside information (facts) can you add? • Includes historiography • Develop 2-3 arguments that can be made based on the document evidence • Write a brief essay outline (2-3 minutes) • Q4 is a mini-essay

29. Using these sources and your own knowledge, explain to what extent you agree with the verdict of Source D, “the purges were successful in eliminating possible alternative leaders and terrorizing the masses into obedience, but the consequences were serious”