Study of external structure

1. MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS Study of external structure

2. Morphology of flowering plants The root Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches • Fibrous root system- wheat • Adventitious root system- other functions- banyan tree

3. Morphology of flowering plants Regions of root

4. Morphology of flowering plants Modifications of root Prop roots- banyan tree Stilt root- sugar cane • Pneumatophores- mangroves

5. Morphology of flowering plants stem Nodes and internodes Absorption of water and minerals, conduction anchorage, storage, protection, spreading out leaves, flowers etc

6. Morphology of flowering plants Modifications of stem Underground stem modification for food storage- potato, ginger etc Tendrils as in cucumber Axillary buds to thorns as in Citrus

7. Morphology of flowering plants Modifications of stem Photosynthesis- cactus Spreading- grass, chrysanthemum Vegetative propagation- pistia

8. Morphology of flowering plants leaf From node for photosynthesis Leaf base, petiole and lamina

9. Morphology of flowering plants leaf In monocotyledons-sheath Pulvinus – in leguminous plants Veins are the channels for conduction

10. Morphology of flowering plants venation Arrangement of veins and veinlets reticulate parallel

11. Morphology of flowering plants Types of leaves Simple- china rose Palmately compound leaf -cotton Pinnatelycompund leaf -neem

12. Morphology of flowering plants phyllotaxi Pattern of arrangement of leaves Alternate- china rose Opposite- guava Whorled- alstonia

13. Morphology of flowering plants Modifications of leaf Tendrils- peas Spines- cactus Food storage- onion Acacia- stem modified for photosynthesis insectivorous

14. Morphology of flowering plants The inflorescence Flower- modified shoot Arrangement of flowers- inflorescence Recemose- ceasalpinia Cymose- jasmine

15. Morphology of flowering plants flower Reproductive unit Four whorls on thalamus- calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium Reproductive- androecium,gynoecium perianth Acessory- calyx and corolla

16. Morphology of flowering plants flower symetry Actinomorphic- chilly, datura Zygomorphic- pea, cassia Asymmetric- canna

17. Morphology of flowering plants flower Trimerous, tetramerous or pentamerous Bracteate, ebracteate

18. Morphology of flowering plants flower Perigynous- rose epigunous- sunflower

19. Morphology of flowering plants Parts of flower Calyx- sepals, green, protection, gamosepalous/polysepalous Corolla- coloured,peltals, gamo/polypetalous

20. Morphology of flowering plants Parts of flower Arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud aestivation Valvate- calotropis Twisted- cotton Imbricate-cassia Vexillary/papilonaceous- pea

21. Morphology of flowering plants androecium Composed of stamens Filament and anther Staminode- sterile stamen Epipetalous- attached to petals Epiphyllous- attached to tepals

22. Morphology of flowering plants androecium Polyandrous- remain free United into one bunch- monoadelphous- china rose Two bundles- pea Varying length- salvinia Polyadelphous- citrus

23. Morphology of flowering plants gynoecium Made up of carpels Carpel- style, stigma and ovary Ovary bears placenta- ovules Apocarpous- carpels free • syncarpous- carpels united

24. Morphology of flowering plants gynoecium Placentation- arrangement of ovules Marginal- pea Parietal-mustard • Free central- primrose • Basal- sunflower

25. Morphology of flowering plants fruit Mature ripened ovary Parthenocarpic fruit- formed without fertilization- banana Pericarp- walls of fruit, fleshy or dry Dry pericarp- epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp- coconut, mango

26. Morphology of flowering plants seed Ovules develop into seeds Seed coat and embryo Embryo- monocotyledon or dicotyledon

27. Morphology of flowering plants Dicotyledonous seed Seed coat – testa and tegmen Hilum- scar where seed attached to fruit Embryo- embryonal axis and two cotyledons Micropyle- small pore Embryonal axis- radicle and plumule endosperm

28. Morphology of flowering plants monocotyledonous seed Seed coat – fused with fruit wall Aleuron layer-separates endosperm and embryo Endosperm bulky One cotyledon- scutellum Radicle is covered by coleorhiza Plumule is covered by coleoptile

29. Morphology of flowering plants Technical description of flowering plant Floral formula- Br-bracteate K- calyx C- corolla P-perianth A- androecium G- gynoecium G – superior ovary G- inferior ovary G - half inferior bisexual male actinomorphic female zygomorphic

30. Morphology of flowering plants Technical description of flowering plant Floral diagam

31. Morphology of flowering plants Technical description of flowering plant K(5) C(5)A5 G(2)

32. Morphology of flowering plants Technical description of flowering plant K5 C5A(10) G5

33. Morphology of flowering plants Description of some important families fabaceae Earlier called Papilionoideae, sub family of Leguminosae Distributed world over Vegetative characters Trees, shrubs,herbs, root with root nodules Erect stem or climber Leaves: alternate, pinnaltelycompund or simple, leaf base pulvinate, stipulate, reticulate

34. Morphology of flowering plants fabaceae Floral characters Recemose inflorescence Flower- bisexual, zygomorphic Calyx- sepals five, gamosepalous, imbricate aestivation Corolla- petals 5, polypetalous, papilionaceous, vexillary aestivation Androecium- ten, diadelphous, anther dithecous Gynoecium- superior, monocarpellary, unilocular, with may ovules

35. Morphology of flowering plants fabaceae Fruit: Legume, many seeded Floral Formula

36. Morphology of flowering plants fabaceae Economic importance: pulses- gram, moong, soyabean: Edible oil- soyabean, ground nut Dye- Indigofera Fibres- sunhemp Fodder- sesbania Ornamentals- sweet pea Medicine- muliathi

37. Morphology of flowering plants solanaceae Called potato family Distributed everywhere Vegetative characters Herbs, shrubs, rarely trees Herbaceous stem, hairy or glabrous Leaves: alternate, simple, exstipulate, reticulate

38. Morphology of flowering plants solanaceae Floral characters Solitary, or cymose inflorescence Bisexual actinomorphic, Sepals 5 united, persistant, valvate aestivation Petals five Androecium- stemens 5 epipetalous Gynoecium- bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior, placenta swollen

39. Morphology of flowering plants solanaceae Fruit- berry or capsule Seeds- many endospermous

40. Morphology of flowering plants solanaceae Economic importance Food- tomato, brinjal, potato Spice- chilli Medicine- belladona Fumigatory- tobacco Ornamentals- petunia

41. Morphology of flowering plants Liliaceae Called lily family- monocotyledons Distributed everywhere Vegetative characters Perennial herbs with underground bulbs c Herbaceous stem, hairy or glabrous Leaves: alternate, simple, exstipulate, reticulate

42. Morphology of flowering plants LILIACEAE Floral characters Solitary, or cymose, umbellate inflorescence Bisexual actinomorphic, Perianth- 2 whorls of tepals with 3 united into tube Androecium- stemens3+3 Gynoecium- tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior, axileplacentation

43. Morphology of flowering plants Liliaceae Fruit- capsule Seeds- endospermous

44. Morphology of flowering plants liliaceae Economic importance Ornamentals- tulip, Gloriosa Medicine- Aloe Vegetables- Asparagus,Colchisine