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Computer Communication & Networks

Computer Communication & Networks. Lecture 28 Application Layer: HTTP & WWW http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/coeCCNbsSp09/index.asp. Waleed Ejaz waleed.ejaz@uettaxila.edu.pk. Application Layer. Application Layer Topics to Cover. DNS. Electronic Mail. File Transfer. HTTP, WWW.

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Computer Communication & Networks

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  1. Computer Communication & Networks Lecture 28 Application Layer: HTTP & WWW http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/coeCCNbsSp09/index.asp Waleed Ejaz waleed.ejaz@uettaxila.edu.pk

  2. Application Layer

  3. Application Layer Topics to Cover DNS Electronic Mail File Transfer HTTP, WWW

  4. Web and HTTP

  5. Web and HTTP First some jargon Web page consists of objects Object can be HTML file, JPEG image, Java applet, audio file,… Web page consists of base HTML-file which includes several referenced objects Each object is addressable by a URL Example URL: www.someschool.edu/someDept/pic.gif path name host name

  6. Uniform Resource Locator

  7. HTTP overview HTTP request PC running Explorer HTTP response HTTP: hypertext transfer protocol Web’s application layer protocol client/server model client: browser that requests, receives, “displays” Web objects server: Web server sends objects in response to requests HTTP 1.0: RFC 1945 HTTP 1.1: RFC 2068 HTTP request Server running Apache Web server HTTP response Mac running Navigator

  8. HTTP overview (continued) • HTTP is “stateless” • server maintains no information about past client requests aside • Protocols that maintain “state” are complex! • past history (state) must be maintained • if server/client crashes, their views of “state” may be inconsistent, must be reconciled Uses TCP: client initiates TCP connection (creates socket) to server, port 80 server accepts TCP connection from client HTTP messages (application-layer protocol messages) exchanged between browser (HTTP client) and Web server (HTTP server) TCP connection closed

  9. HTTP connections • Persistent HTTP • Multiple objects can be sent over single TCP connection between client and server. • HTTP/1.1 uses persistent connections in default mode Nonpersistent HTTP At most one object is sent over a TCP connection. HTTP/1.0 uses nonpersistent HTTP

  10. (contains text, references to 10 jpeg images) Nonpersistent HTTP 1a. HTTP client initiates TCP connection to HTTP server (process) at www.someSchool.edu on port 80 1b. HTTP server at host www.someSchool.edu waiting for TCP connection at port 80. “accepts” connection, notifying client Suppose user enters URL www.someSchool.edu/someDepartment/home.index 2. HTTP client sends HTTP request message (containing URL) into TCP connection socket. Message indicates that client wants object someDepartment/home.index 3. HTTP server receives request message, forms response message containing requested object, and sends message into its socket time

  11. Nonpersistent HTTP (cont.) 4. HTTP server closes TCP connection. time 5. HTTP client receives response message containing html file, displays html. Parsing html file, finds 10 referenced jpeg objects 6.Steps 1-5 repeated for each of 10 jpeg objects

  12. Response time modeling initiate TCP connection RTT request file Definition of RTT: time for a small packet to travel from client to server and back. Response time: one RTT to initiate TCP connection one RTT for HTTP request and first few bytes of HTTP response to return file transmission time total = 2RTT+transmit time time to transmit file RTT file received time time

  13. Persistent without pipelining: • client issues new request only when previous response has been received • one RTT for each referenced object • Persistent with pipelining: • default in HTTP/1.1 • client sends requests as soon as it encounters a referenced object • as little as one RTT for all the referenced objects Persistent HTTP Nonpersistent HTTP issues: requires 2 RTTs per object OS must work and allocate host resources for each TCP connection but browsers often open parallel TCP connections to fetch referenced objects Persistent HTTP server leaves connection open after sending response subsequent HTTP messages between same client/server are sent over connection

  14. Web caches (proxy server) Goal: satisfy client request without involving origin server origin server Proxy server HTTP request HTTP request client HTTP response user sets browser: Web accesses via cache browser sends all HTTP requests to cache object in cache: cache returns object else cache requests object from origin server, then returns object to client HTTP response HTTP request HTTP response client origin server

  15. More about Web caching • Why Web caching? • Reduce response time for client request. • Reduce traffic on an institution’s access link. • Internet dense with caches enables “poor” content providers to effectively deliver content (but so does P2P file sharing) Cache acts as both client and server Typically cache is installed by ISP (university, company, residential ISP)

  16. Quiz Retake • What are the key differences between FTP and HTTP? [2] • Consider an HTTP client that wants to retrieve a Web document at a given URL. The IP address of the HTTP server is initially unknown. The Web document at the URL has one embedded GIF image that resides at the same server as the original document. What transport and application layer protocols besides HTTP are needed in this scenario? [3] • Suppose within your Web browser you click on a link to obtain a Web page. The IP address for the associated URL is not cached in your local host, so a DNS look-up is necessary to obtain the IP address. Suppose that n DNS servers are visited before your host receives the IP address from DNS; the successive visits incur an RTT of RTT1, … RTTn. Further suppose that the Web page is an HTML text file and four additional objects. Let RTT0 denote a RTT between the local host and the server containing the object. Assuming zero transmission time of the object, how much time elapses from when the client clicks on the link until the client receives the entire Web page? Assume a non-persistent HTTP protocol with no parallel TCP connections. [4]

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