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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. Personality Theory, Research and Assessment. Personality. Personality: An individual’s consistent patterns of feeling, thinking, and behavior traits Personality Traits: How people behave in a particular way in a variety of situations. Five Factor (Big Five) Model *.

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 Personality Theory, Research and Assessment

  2. Personality Personality: An individual’s consistent patterns of feeling, thinking, and behavior traits Personality Traits: How people behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

  3. Five Factor (Big Five) Model * • Traits -- Relatively enduring characteristics that influence our behavior across many situations. • Big Five - 5 Underlying Trait dimensions • OCEAN: • Open to Experience • Conscientiousness • Agreeableness • Neuroticism • Extraversion

  4. Agreeableness Neuroticism(Negative Emotionality) Conscientiousness (Constraint) Openness toExperience Extraversion(PositiveEmotionality) Openness toExperience Openness to Experience* curiosity flexibility artistic sensitivity imaginativeness vivid fantasy unconventional attitudes

  5. Agreeableness Neuroticism(Negative Emotionality) Conscientiousness (Constraint) Conscientiousness (Constraint) Extraversion(PositiveEmotionality) Openness toExperience Conscientiousness* diligent punctual disciplined dependable well-organized

  6. Agreeableness Neuroticism(Negative Emotionality) Conscientiousness (Constraint) Extraversion(PositiveEmotionality) Extraversion(PositiveEmotionality) Openness toExperience Extraversion* outgoing assertive upbeat friendly gregarious sociable

  7. Agreeableness Neuroticism(Negative Emotionality) Conscientiousness (Constraint) Agreeableness Extraversion(PositiveEmotionality) Openness toExperience Agreeableness* sympathetic trusting modest cooperative straight forward

  8. Agreeableness Neuroticism(Negative Emotionality) Conscientiousness (Constraint) Neuroticism(Negative Emotionality) Extraversion(PositiveEmotionality) Openness toExperience Neuroticism* anxious vulnerable insecure self-conscious hostile

  9. Five Factor (Big Five) Model * Take the test! Email me the results BY MONDAY 5PM on for 5 point bonus on Assessment #4

  10. Personality Tests * Self-Report Inventories* • Personality Inventories: questionnaires, e.g. MMPI True/False or Multiple Choice; answers associated with trait or diagnosis • OBJECTIVE! Projective Tests * • Ask for meaning of ambiguous stimuli • Rorschach – ask to explain image in Inkblots • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) ask to tell stories about ambiguous pictures • SUBJECTIVE!

  11. Freud and the Psychodynamic Approach * Unconscious mind * • Memories outside awareness/not accessible • Repressed memories and emotions Preconscious mind * • Thoughts just beneath surface • Voluntary access Conscious mind * • Thoughts you are aware of • Currently processing

  12. Components of Personality Sigmund Freud Id* • Primitive impulses, unconscious • pleasure principle*: immediate gratification Ego * • Conscious, decision maker • Reality Principle*: delay gratification Superego * • Unconscious; conscience • Sense of morality; constraints of society

  13. Defense Mechanisms Sigmund Freud • Definition: unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt • Self-protective “distortions” of the truth

  14. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages • Oral (0-18mo) Dependency; oral gratification • Anal (18mo-3y) Control issues; toilet training • Phallic (3-6y) Attraction to opposite sex; identification with same sex • Latency (6-puberty) Associate with same sex in normal activities like sports, school • Genital (Adult) Mature Sexuality

  15. Humanistic Psychology * Carl Rogers: Self Concept: – our beliefs about who we are • Key Concepts: Free Will and Self Concept • Self Esteem – Positive feelings about the self Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs Self-Actualization – motive to reach our full potential Esteem Needs Love, Belonging Safety Physiological Needs

  16. Is Personality Inherited?* The Great Debate: Nature vs. Nuture • Environment: parents influence over their children (Ex: Authoritarian vs. Permissive parenting styles) • Biological: theories stress the genetic origins of personality (Ex: twins raised apart were still similar) • Evolutionary: natural selection has favored certain traits Conclusion: Environment & Genes interact to influence personality and behavior = birth of BioPsychoSocial!

  17. Social Cognitive Theory Albert Bandura • Personality is shaped through learning • Observational learning: ‘monkey see—monkey do’ • Model: a person who’s behavior is observed by other person • Self-efficacy: “I think I can, I think I can ...”

  18. Person-Situation Theory Walter Mischel • Person AND Situation determines behavior • Work hard = get paid, promotions and bonuses • No promotions, no bonus = show up to work • People that are honest in one situation are not always honest in another

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