Expeditions and Voyages of Discovery… The Settling of the Americas

1. Expeditions and Voyages of Discovery…The Settling of the Americas Focus Questions: 1. Which groups of people arrived in the “New World” first? 2. By what means did they get here? 3. What were the settlers looking for? 4. What were the routes taken? 5. How would the voyages of exploration lead to nations claiming lands? 6. How would overlapping claims lead to wars among European nations? 7. Why did various British groups settle in N. America 8. How would colonial wars – impact the British/American colonies?

2. According to Theory/Scientific Evidence… • When did people first arrive in the New World? • 17,000 years ago but perhaps further back… • Evidence? Stone and bone tools • Theory 1 - and most widely accepted – Land Bridge • Theory 2 - By sea from Europe? • Theory 3 - By sea from Polynesia…evidence?

3. The 3 Theories1. Bering Strait Land Bridge during the Ice Age 2. Polynesian/Pacific Route3. Across N. Atlantic During the Ice Age 17,000 years ago

4. Smithsonian Institute Archaeologist Dennis Stanford suggests…A link with peoples from Iberia/Francecalled the Solutrean culture – remainscontroversial and is not yet accepted.

5. The Vikings Come to North America circa 975AD - 1000AD3 Key Players:1. Erik the Red2. BjarniHerjolfsson3. Leif Eriksson

6. The Crusades– ImportantServe as an impetus for exploration… • What were the crusades? 2. What did participants in them discover? 3. How did the Crusades serve as an impetus for the voyages of discovery and exploration?

7. Participants who went to the Holy Land experienced new things…

8. New things that upon return to their homes were unwilling to do without. • Trade Items • Silks, cloths, tapestries, rugs • Spices, foods, olive oil, nuts • Fragrances/perfumes/incense • Precious/semi-precious gems • Ivories, exotic furs • Jewels, jewelry, precious metals • Technologies

9. 2 Individuals who spurred on the voyages of exploration Came from different regions… 1200s… Southern Europe1300s… West Africa

10. Marco Polo – Italian Merchant {1200s} travelled throughout Mongol Empire Upon his return…Wrote and told of wondrous things! People doubted him, Some scoffed – called him a liar –others began to wonder if itcould be true and if so…

11. From West Africa – Mali Mansa Musa - His pilgrimage is legendary but true! Timbuktu – grew into a center of trade, wealth And learning in 1300s If Mansa Musa was so wealthy…Europeans wanted in on the trade too!

12. 1400s Portugal leads the way!Patron of Portuguese Exploration Est. School of Navigation • Trained captains in required skills • Making Charts • Using Astrolabe • Using Compass • Sailing Caravel Ships

13. 2 Explorers – Prince Henry’s Early Graduates Bart. Dias and Vasco Da Gama Late 1480s got to Cape late 1490’s Good Hope got to India

14. Spain now joins in to find trade routes – going west…3 key people begin Spain’s rise!C. Columbus Ferdinand and Isabella financed him He made 4 trips over 10 years they set the stage for Spain’s rise to powerdiscovered numerous islands

15. 1492 Columbus opens the door – other European + more Spanish Explorers will follow… ca.1500 -1550 • Vespucci, Balboa, De Leon, Magellan ,Cortez, Pizarro, Narvaez, Cabeza De Vaca, Estevanico, Coronado, Se Soto, Cabrillo + later De Fuca, … just to name a few! • Note – other nations of Europe are competing too!

16. Not to be out-done ...France Explores too!At first France sought the N. West Passage but fails but it got empire instead!Some of these explorers are,in order of their expedition: 1st- Verrazano2nd - Cartier3rd - Champlain4th - Marquette and Joliet5th - LaSalle and TontiCadillac and others… Note: The French will have competition from England and the Netherlands!

17. England gets in on the quest too!Seeks a passage to the East+ fails mostly All of these men sailed the North Atlantic and each largely failed! John Cabot Martin Frobisher Humphrey Gilbert aka. Giovanni Caboto – He starts Privateer – sought N. West Pass. Explorer sought N.W. Passage off in exploring N. Atlantic Look “foolish” as a result starts colony in New Foundland

18. Perhaps England’s GreatestPrivateer/Sea Dog/Explorer… • Francis Drake Looted and plundered Spanish ships for gold/silver, second to circumnavigate world! • Still… no northwest passage to the East!

19. 1585- England starts a colony at Roanokethe colonists vanish leaving little trace… Queen Elizabeth granted permission to Sir Walter Raleigh By 1590 only abandoned buildings and the cryptic words Croatoan and Croa remained…

20. An Englishman sails for 2 nations early 1600sSeeking a passage to “Indies” going N. East + N. West Henry Hudson sails for the Dutch and the next year 1610 for England • Dutch – fails to find N. East Passage but does sail up the Hudson R. and up New Foundland • English fails to find N. West passage, finds Hudson Bay, suffers mutiny – disappears w. few loyal crew

21. Thanks to Hudson – Dutch claim region around the Hudson River Start settling New Netherlands – est. city New Amsterdam in 1624 Peter Minuit according to stories purchased Manhattan Is. for $24 worth of trinkets and est. New Amsterdam/New Netherlands… *Later he will offer his services to Sweden and help establish ”New Sweden “ in the Delaware-Southern New Jersey region.

22. New Sweden – little remembered even in New Jersey History but it did exist! • New Sweden Architectural contribution over time evolved into this…

23. Dutch Contributions… In Architecture – gambrel roof + Some very important people • and ideas… • Von Steuben House in Riverdell, NJ T.R. F.D.R. Also place names such as Brooklyn, Harlem, Orange County, NY, Fishkill, Normanskill, etc. etc. etc. Other German/Dutch ideas… Kindergarten Christmas Tree Windmills Tulips Thaler = $

24. As for England they est. Jamestown in 1607 {Class labs covered this settlement in great detail}

25. Plymouth Colony est. 1620and Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629 Mass. Bay Colony Plymouth Plantationfounded/settled by Puritans founded/settled by the Pilgrims