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This chapter discusses the origins of the Industrial Revolution and the factors that led to its emergence in England. It covers topics such as the enclosure movement, new farming methods, the domestic system of production, and why the revolution started in England.
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Chapter 22 – Industrial Revolution • Agenda: • Discuss 2nd semester schedule • Reading Quiz • Discuss Industrial Revolution origins • Chapt. 22 key questions • HW: outline: “Industrialization in Continental Europe” (p. 735 – 740); “Capital and Labor” (p. 740 – 750); Chapter 22 key questions due WEDNESDAY
Before Enclosure • Community land • Economies of scale- large piece of land easier to farm (or control) v. small farm • Farmers used to work • People did not flock to cities • Parliament supports • Some farmers revolted to improve farming, nothing major
The Beginning • Why: Technology • Agricultural Rev. sparks Industrial Rev. • 1700- small farms disappearing • Wealthy buy out village farms- then rent them out • Known as enclosure- as land was fenced in
The Difference • Villagers= traditional methods of farming • Wealthy landowners- free to experiment w/ new methods • Use scientific approach to increase harvest size • Ideas and harvest size exchanged • Effected by Scientific Rev. and Enlightenment
New Farming Methods • Jethro Tull- 1721 seed drill • Well spaced rows, specific depth • More germination = larger crop • Crop Rotation- most revolutionary discovery (v. MA and fallow land) • change crops • Enrich soil with different nutrients- turnips
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Effects on Population • More food due to better livestock & crop rotation • Smaller farmers pushed off land • Left cities for colonies • Became labor force for industry • Nutrition improved= increase in population= working class in cities
Development of the Domestic System of Production • Domestic system developed in England • Late 1600s-late 1800s • Domestic system of production – “putting out” system • Businesspeople delivered raw materials to workers’ homes • Workers manufactured goods from these raw materials in their homes (typically articles of clothing) • Businesspeople picked up finished goods and paid workers wages based on number of items • Domestic system could not keep up with demand
Developments • Mass production of goods • Increased numbers of goods • Increased diversity of goods produced • Development of factory system of production • Rural-to-urban migration • People left farms to work in cities • Development of capitalism • Financial capital for continued industrial growth • Development and growth of new socio-economic classes • Working class, bourgeoisie, and wealthy industrial class • Commitment to research and development • Investments in new technologies • Industrial and governmental interest in promoting invention, the sciences, and overall industrial growth
England’s Resources: Capital • England had a central bank and well developed credit markets • The Commercial Revolution made many English merchants very wealthy • These merchants had the capital to invest in the factory system – money to buy buildings, machinery, and raw materials
England’s Resources: Colonies and Markets • Wealth from the Commercial Revolution spread beyond the merchant class • England had more colonies than any other nation • Its colonies gave England access to enormous markets and vast amounts of raw materials • Colonies had rich textile industries for centuries • Many of the natural cloths popular today, such as calico and gingham, were originally created in India • China had a silk industry
England’s Resources: Raw Materials & Natural Resources • England itself possessed the necessary raw materials to create the means of production • Coal – vast coal reserves powered steam engines • Iron – basic building block of large machines, railroad tracks, trains, and ships
England’s Resources: Workers • Serfdom and guilds ended earlier in England than other countries • English people could freely travel from the countryside to the cities • Enclosure Acts – caused many small farmers to lose their lands, and these former farmers increased the labor supply
Chapter 22 – Industrial Revolution • Agenda: • Finish Chapt. 22 lecture • 2. Historical thinking skills & primary source analysis • HW: Chapt. 24 outline – “Taming the City” (p. 787-795); finish Chapt. 22 key questions
England’s Resources: Merchant Marine • World’s largest merchant fleet • Merchant marine built up from the Commercial Revolution • Vast numbers of ships could bring raw materials and finished goods to and from England’s colonies and possessions, as well as to and from other countries
England’s Resources: Geography • England is the political center of Great Britain, an island • Rivers & canals provide ease of movement and transportation • Island has excellent harbors and ports • Damp climate benefited the textile industry (thread did not dry out)
Favorable Climate for New Ideas • Interest in science and technology • 1660 Royal Society- exchanged scientific ideas and inventions • Businesses invested in inventions (entrepreneurship)
Good Banking System • 1700’s- most developed • Loans- **led to business investment
Political Stability • 1700’s- wars fought in foreign lands • Century of peace- no worries of invasion • Economic growth stressed by govt. • Merchants influenced Parliament • Govt. supported laws encouraging business
“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention” • The process of inventing never ends • One invention inevitably leads to improvements upon it and to more inventions
Textile Industry • GB led wool industry • Wool spun by hand- demand not met, prices high • Desire for inventions for spinning and weaving • Inventions transform cotton industry
Spinning Mule
Inventions • Late 1700’s- cotton supply can’t keep up • 1763 Eli Whitney- cotton gin • Removes seed from cotton • 1785- 40 million yards • 1850- 2 billion yards
Steam Power • Humans tried harnessing steam power for millennia • Hero of Alexandria, Egypt – created a steam-driven device in the 1st century B.C.E. • Thomas Newcomen, England (1704) • Created a steam engine to pump water from mines • James Watt, Scotland (1769) • Improved Newcomen’s engine to power machinery
Inventions • Watt & steam engine • Problem- factories had to be by water (far from raw materials) • Solution- steam new power source • Old engines for mines too slow & expensive • Michael Boulton helps Watts • Steam engine more practical
James Watt
Coal and Iron • Vast amounts of fuel were required to smelt iron ore to burn out impurities • Abraham Darby (1709) • Discovered that heating coal turned it into more efficient coke • John Smeaton (1760) • Smelted iron by using water-powered air pumps to create steam blasts • Henry Cort (1783) • Developed the puddling process which purified and strengthened molten iron
Increases in Coal and Iron Production, 1770-1800 • Coal production doubled • 6 million to 12 million tons • iron production increased 250% • 1800 – 130,000 tons • Great Britain produced as much coal and iron as every other country combined
Roads and Canals • Water travel- cheapest, most reliable before Indust. Rev. • Larger amounts could be hauled • Canals built to connect land and water • Roads- Scottish engineer John McAdam builds paved roads • Improvements for industry not for travel
Railway Age • Change came w/ steam power • Steam engine on wheels- boost industry after 1820 • 1804- Richard Trevithick- cart on track w/ engine • George Stephenson- “Rocket” • Connected ports to inland factories (carry lots of freight) • 1830- Liverpool-Manchester RR • 1850- 6,100 miles of track (GB)
Effects of Railroads • Encouraged more industry • Fast, cheap to ship raw materials and finished products • Created millions of jobs • Actual labor, coal, iron (unskilled) • Progress in Agriculture • Distant cities got perishables • Attitudes on travel • Jobs farther away, travel for fun
