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PLAN AND DESIGN

PLAN AND DESIGN. We were born to think. Do you have a plan?. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbJecXQ1Hgk. Do you have a plan?.

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PLAN AND DESIGN

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  1. PLAN AND DESIGN We were born to think

  2. Do you have a plan? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbJecXQ1Hgk

  3. Do you have a plan? • Just as the characters in this video had a plan…..that didn’t go the way the wanted……we too as young scientist must have a plan or a design to investigate a some concept that we would like to prove or disprove

  4. Purpose • All experiments must first start with an idea that manifests into a plan that has to be carefully crafted into an experiment that can investigate any phenomena that brings about interest. Careful experimentation is what separates facts from guesses. It brings clarity and accuracy to procedures

  5. Plan and Design • A plan and design experiment is one that involves a particular situation that provokes a scientific concept that is to be investigated to test its validity. • You as the student must design an experiment to prove or disprove a concept(hypothesis). It must be designed in such a way that it can be carried out or performed

  6. Format of a Plan and Design • HYPOTHESIS • AIM • APPARATUS/MATERIALS • METHOD • VARIABLES • DATA TO BE COLLECTED • EXPECTED RESULTS • LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERRORS • ASSUMPTIONS

  7. Hypothesis(2mks) • A hypothesis is a general statement investigating two or more variables(factors affecting an experiment). • In other words, it is a statement clearly stated about a particular factor that can be true or false and must be able to be tested via experimentation • Example #1 Jerry can run faster than Tom • Example #2 Phenolphthalein is a better indicator than litmus paper

  8. Aim(2mks) • A statement made that explains the purpose of an experiment. • Must be related to the hypothesis and problem statement( the scenario given) • Method to be used must be specified • Example #1 To separate Mixture A into its components using filtration.

  9. Apparatus/materials (2mks) • All essential apparatus that are required to carry out your experiment must be stated • If any apparatus missing 1 mk awarded • If apparatus is missing 0 mks awarded

  10. Method (4mks) • Must be in present tense or future tense • Must have logical sequence • No steps missing • Must be workable or appropriate to test the hypothesis

  11. Variables (3mks) • A variable is a factor that can affect the outcome of an experiment. There are three types • Control – the variable you keep constant so as to not affect the experiment • Manipulated- the variable you change so that you can investigate your hypothesis • Responding – the variable that changes as a result of what occurs( what is collected as data)

  12. Data to be collected(2mks) • Here observations, measurements or data to be collected are stated • A simple way to look at it is: *How is the data to be collected and what is to be done with it example: record temperature of solution using a thermometer for one minute intervals for ten minutes. Plot a graph of temperature against time

  13. Expected results(2mks) • Statements are to be made that show link between how the data collected proves or disproves the results • Stated as follows: • If the hypothesis is true Jerry runs faster than Tom • If the hypothesis is false then Tom runs faster than Jerry

  14. Limitation and Sources of Errors (1mk each) • Limitations are factors that can affect the experiment that you have no control over like sunlight, room temperature, purity of a chemical substance • Sources of errors are factors that could have gone wrong in the experiment producing incorrect data such as removing the thermometer from its position, human reaction time, the bulb of the thermometer touching the sides of the test tube…etc.

  15. Assumption ( 1mk) • An assumption is a factor that has been taken into consideration and have been stated in such a way that it has been acknowledged but will not affect the outcome of the experiment example # 1 There are no fluctuations in room temperature. example # 2 There are no impurities present

  16. Activity • Come up with a hypothesis and a suggested method for the following • Plan and design an experiment to investigate if adding sodium chloride alters the solidification point of naphthalene

  17. Questions • Can a hypothesis be tested? • What tense is the method written in? • What is a manipulated variable • What is a limitation? • What do you think is the most important part of a plan and design?

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