Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

1. Lecture 2, 9/9/13 Climate Dynamics11:670:461 Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey USA robock@envsci.rutgers.edu http://envsci.rutgers.edu/~robock

2. Nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and argon (Ar) make up for 99% of the atmosphere, but are not greenhouse gases. Water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are greenhouse gases. A greenhouse gas absorbs infrared radiation, whichcreates molecular vibrationand bending. Collisions transfer energy to heat the surrounding gas. But, what is a “greenhouse gas” anyway? Water vapor (H2O) vibration modes http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/vibrat.html

3. CCSM Climate “Forecasts” (°C) (°C) Produced by Gary Strand, NCAR

4. Fig. 1.1 IPCC AR4, Chapter 1

5. Fig. 1.2 Bretherton Diagram

6. Fig. 1.2 Bretherton Diagram

10. Troposphericaerosols mask warming(global dimming) Recovery from volcanic eruptions dominates Greenhouse gases dominate http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs/Fig.A2.pdf

11. Desire for improved well-being Consumption of goods and services Impacts on humans and ecosystems SUFFERING CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY ADAPTATION Consumption of energy Climate change SOLAR RADIATION MANAGEMENT LOW-CARBON ENERGY CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL CO2 emissions CO2 in the atmosphere After Ken Caldeira

12. Annual average surface air pressure. Interval 50 mb. Fig. 2.1

13. Annual average surface air pressure. Interval 50 mb. Fig. 2.1

14. Fig. 2.2

15. Annual mean900 mb geopotential height (m) Annual mean200 mb geopotential height (m) Fig. 2.3

16. Annual mean900 mb geopotential height (m) Annual mean200 mb geopotential height (m) Fig. 2.3

17. Seasonal900 mb geopotential height (m) Fig. 2.4