2011 United History End of Course Test Review

EOCT PREPTable of Content Domain 1: Colonization through Constitution Domain 2: New Republic through Reconstruction Domain 3: Industrialization, Reform, and Imperialism Domain 4: Establishment as a World Power Domain 5: Modern Era

Domain 1:Colonization to Constitution

Jamestown The first permanent English settlement in North America, started as a business venture to sell raw materials back to England Tobacco- this cash crop saved Jamestown and made the colony of Virginia wealthy. Tabaco cultivation was labor intensive and made the Virginia agricultural economy dependent on slavery.

House of Burgesses The first legislative assembly in North America, it represents the first form of self-government in the colonies.

Powhatan Native Americans who lived for centuries in Virginia. English colonist forced them from their land and used it for Tobacco growing. These actions led many Powhatan’s to flee Virginia and established bad relations between colonists and Native Americans

Bacon’s Rebellion A revolt by the poor English colonist and slaves against the wealthy in Jamestown. The rebels wanted better protection and action taken against the Native Americans so poorer colonists could have Native American land.

Development of Slavery Begun in 1619 in the colony of Virginia to replace indentured servants African slaves are thought to be better equipped to handle the work and heat of the plantation system Part of the Columbian Exchange

New England Colonies Established by the Puritans to escape religious persecution in England Religion- Puritans did not tolerate religions that did not follow their teachings. In 1686 the entire region was combined into one colony because the King believed they were not following Parliament, becomes the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Rhode Island and the Salem Witch Trials Roger Williams- founder of Rhode Island, he founds colony under the ideas of religious freedom and peaceful relations with Native Americans Salem Witch Trials- caused by the oppression of women, and hardline Puritan views on the world, over 25 people are killed or jailed for witchcraft without any proof.

King Phillip’s War Led by Metacom (King Phillip), Native Americans attack the Puritans over the loss of their land Brutal war with massacres on both sides This ended Native American control of New England

Half-Way Covenant This provided half-way membership in the Puritan church to the children of church members Church leaders hoped this would get more of the children to join the Puritan church

Town Hall Meetings Mainly in New England in small towns White males 21 and over who owned property voted on political issues for each town Helps form the idea of political representation in the colonies

Mid-Atlantic Colonies Originally not a part of the English colonies Controlled by the Dutch Separated the English Northern and Southern colonies

New York Originally settled by the Dutch and called New Amsterdam England takes this colony without a single shot and renames it New York New York became the center for trade in the America’s.

Pennsylvania Founded by William Penn a Quaker This colony was tolerant of all religions The colony of Delaware will split from Pennsylvania

Quebec Founded by the French, claims all of inner North America west of the colonies Leads to the founding of New Orleans and the territory of Louisiana French have better relations with Native Americans

Mercantilism Is the economic theory that a mother country needs large supplies of silver and gold to be rich. Gold/Silver- acquired by selling manufactured goods. Colonies in mercantilism provided raw materials for manufacturing and bought the finished products.

The Columbian Exchange The large scale exchange of plants, people, diseases, and animals between the Old World and the New World Sometimes referred to as the Triangle Trade.

Middle Passage/African Culture The 90-120 day voyage African slaves endured from Africa to the America’s. Millions died from disease and starvation during the voyage African dance and music maintained under slavery, differing cultures blend together in the America’s

The Great Awakening Great Awakening- religious movement of the 1730’s and 1740’s. It is different because of its passion. Begun as an attack on the Puritan Church, challenges all religious authority

French and Indian War War between France and Great Britain over the control of North America, Britain wins This war bankrupted Great Britain, they need money to pay for it, TAXES They believed the colonists should pay for it since it was over the colonies in North America

Proclamation of 1763 Law passed that banned colonists from moving west beyond the Appalachian Mountains Passed to prevent further wars with Native Americans This angered colonists and is one reason for the American Revolution

Stamp Act A tax on all printed materials passed by Great Britain they need this symbol to show they paid the tax Passed to help pay for the French-Indian War

Sons of Liberty This group of Patriots was formed in 1765 and urged colonial resistance to the Stamp Act using any means available… even violence. Committees of Correspondence- formed to resist the new taxes passed by Great Britain

Boston Tea Party Colonists dumped tons of tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Stamp Act

Intolerable Acts A series of laws passed to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party This led to increased anger against Britain and the First Continental Congress

Thomas Paine Wrote Common Sense, an argument that said it just made common sense for the colonists to revolt against King George

John Locke He believed in natural rights- “life, liberty, and property” He influenced Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence

Montesquieu He believed in the idea that government should have three parts- Legislative, Executive, and Judicial His writings influenced the writing of the Constitution and creation of the United States government

Declaration of Independence Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson, he was influenced by John Locke’s ideas (natural rights) in 1776 It declares the reasons why the colonists will revolt and invokes the ideas of Social Contract.

Benjamin Franklin He represents the idea of social mobility (you can start poor and become rich or important) in America He becomes the ambassador to France during the American Revolution and convinces them to support the colonists during the war American Statesman/signed the Constitution/Founding Father

The American Revolution This was the first successful colonial independence movement against a European power, England 1775-1783. Great Britain vs. American colonies

George Washington Commander of the Continental Army His leadership skills held the army together during the war Started a training program to turn the colonial militia into the Continental Army (professional).

Marquis de Lafayette French soldier and friend of Washington He trained the soldiers at Valley Forge turning them into a well trained fighting force He helped Washington beat the British at Yorktown

Valley Forge Washington led his troops here for the Winter of 1777, becomes a symbol of sacrifice for a cause The Continental Army under Lafayette train and emerge stronger and better prepared to fight the British

Crossing the Delaware Turning point of the American Revolution, Washington leads his men on a surprise attack of the Hessian soldiers Washington wins at Trenton and Princeton, boosted the morale of the colonists fighting in the Revolution

Lord Cornwallis Leader of the British forces during the American Revolution He will surrender to Washington after the Battle of Yorktown

Battle of Yorktown Final battle of the American Revolution, French and American forces trapped the British with no where to run Treaty of Paris 1783- This officially ended the American Revolution and gave the United States territory all the way to the Mississippi River.

Articles of Confederation First constitution of the United States Weakness- didn’t have a legislative or executive branch of government, represented the colonists fear of a strong national government National Government could not- tax, regulate commerce, or print money

Northwest Ordinance This provided an organized way for a territory to become a state The one successful item accomplished under the Articles of Confederation

Shays’ Rebellion Uprising of farmers in Massachusetts in 1786, feared losing land due to taxes Showed the weakness of the federal government without the ability to tax it couldn’t fix the economy Led to the calling of the Constitutional Convention

Constitutional Convention Held at Independence Hall in Philadelphia,1787. Goal- create a plan for a more powerful national government and revise the Articles of Confederation. Outcome wrote the Constitution

Great Compromise This deal used parts of Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan Created bicameral Congress with one house based on population (House of Representatives) and one giving equal representation to every state (Senate).

Slavery and the Constitution Three-Fifths Compromise- agreement to count slaves as 3/5 a white person for representation in the government Slavery was allowed o continue under the Constitution for 20 more years

Checks and Balances

Federalist Papers Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay They argued that a strong government was needed to protect the Union

Anti-Federalist They opposed the adoption of the Constitution without a Bill of Rights to protect the freedoms of Americans against the federal government.

Bill of Rights The first ten amendments of the Constitution These amendments guarantee the rights of individuals and protects those rights from the government

Washington’s Presidency Did not run for a third term setting the two term precedence Developed the cabinet as advisors to the President Washington’s Farewell address warned Americans against: Getting involved in foreign wars sets our neutrality foreign policy Political parties Permanent Alliances sets our isolationism foreign policy Sectionalism

Whiskey Rebellion Government passes excise tax on Whiskey Farmers in Pennsylvania hurt by the tax, refuse to pay Washington sends in the militia to end the rebellion Shows the power of the government under the Constitution

Development of Political Parties Alexander Hamilton wants a strong central government; but Thomas Jefferson believes the federal government should be limited Two parties develop under those ideas: Hamilton and the Federalists Jefferson and the Democrat-Republic Party

Domain 2:New Republic through Reconstruction

Louisiana Purchase Bought under Thomas Jefferson from France for 15 million; Went against Jefferson’s belief in the power of the federal government

Lewis and Clark Expedition Sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase to discover what the U.S. bought They mapped the territory to the Pacific Ocean including its peoples, cultures, and animals

War of 1812 Causes- 1. Britain prevented U.S. trade with France. 2. British ships captured American ships and forced their sailors to serve in the British navy 3. Britain was giving aid to Native Americans to help them fight Americans 4. The U.S. wanted to drive out Britain from North America completely

War of 1812 Results- 1. Americans became more nationalistic after the war 2. End of British/American hostilities 3. Sectionalism develops as the South and West fight but the North refuses. 4. Andrew Jackson becomes a national hero after the Battle of New Orleans

Erie Canal It revolutionized trade by allowing farmers in the Mid-West a chance to ship goods to major eastern cities and manufactured goods from the east to new western territories It helped with the economic and industrial development in America

Monroe Doctrine The doctrine stated that the U.S. would not interfere with European affairs, but that Europeans were not allowed to interfere with politics in the America’s. Any hostile acts by a European country would be considered a hostile act by the United States

Eli Whitney Inventor of the interchangeable parts, this revolutionized the manufacturing industry in the North . The Cotton Gin made cotton a profitable crop and revived the system of slavery in the South.

Westward Migration 1. Desire by Americans to own their own land 2. Discovery of gold and silver 3. Belief in Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny The belief that America should stretch from coast (Atlantic Ocean) to coast (Pacific Ocean). “From sea to shining sea”

Jacksonian Democracy Political Culture- this marked the beginning of political campaigns(songs, pamphlets, buttons, slander) on a national level Nationalism- Jacksonian followers were strong believers in Manifest Destiny and the need to push Native Americans off valuable land.

Jacksonian Democracy During this time the power of the presidency is increased under President Andrew Jackson President Andrew Jackson ran for office under the title of “common man” “Universal Manhood Suffrage”- granted all white males the right to vote regardless of religion, property or income Jackson appointed his “Kitchen cabinet”, or followers loyal to him in key government positions

Nullification Crisis Issue- High tariffs passed by Congress on imported European goods angers the South 1. John C. Calhoun- argues that states have the right to nullify any federal law they oppose. STATE RIGHTS over FEDERAL LAWS 2. South Carolina- threatens to succeed due to the tariff Results- Andrew Jackson gets Congressional approval to use the military to crush South Carolina. 1. Jackson argues this is treason and threatens S.C. with military action 2. Calhoun negotiates a reduction of the tariff to ease tensions

Seneca Falls Conference In 1848, the first ever women’s rights conference was held to address equality. Declaration of Sentiments- declares the need for full rights as citizens and the right to vote. The beginning of the Women’s Rights Movement in America Elizabeth Cady Stanton a member of the convention

Temperance Movement Issue- People should drink less or alcohol should be outlawed altogether. Impact- Women played a major role, this laid the foundation for the future Women’s Rights Movement

Abolitionist Movement Issue- Slavery should be abolished and should not be allowed in new states. Impact- Made slavery and its expansion an important political issue. Women also played a major role in this movement.

William Lloyd Garrison Founder of the Liberator newspaper, and a key member of the abolitionist movement He printed graphic stories on how slaves were treated

Frederick Douglass A former slave who escaped from the south, he worked for Garrison on the Liberator and would go on to found the North Star, abolitionist newspaper. His speeches on Abolitionism, Women’s Rights, and Native Americans made him a famous fighter for equal rights in the United States

Grimke Sisters Supporters of William Lloyd Garrison and the abolitionist movement They were active members in the Women’s Rights Movement and the Abolitionist Movement Attended Seneca Falls Conference

Public School Movement Issue- All students should be required to attend free schools supported by taxpayers and staffed by trained teachers. Impact- Established education as a right for all children and became a state issue

Missouri Compromise of 1820 Issue- The state wanted to enter the Union as a pro-slavery state. Upsetting the balance in favor of pro-slavery states to the South. Compromise- 1. Maine will be allowed in as a free state with Missouri (MAINTAIN THE BALANCE IN THE SENATE) 2. Slavery prohibited north of 36 30’ in the Louisiana Purchase Territory 3. Settled the argument of slavery for 30 years

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Mexican-American War Begins when the U.S. annexes Texas The U.S. occupies most of northern Mexico Territory Gained- California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada Wilmot Proviso- proposed that California and New Mexico be free states, never passed

Compromise of 1850 The Compromise- a. California enters the Union as a Free State b. Divide the new territories into: New Mexico and Utah and let the people vote on the issue of slavery c. Ban slave trade in Washington D.C. but allow white slave owners in the city to keep their slaves d. Fugitive Slave Law

Kansas-Nebraska Act This proposed that the territory of Nebraska be divided into Kansas and Nebraska and grant the people of those new states popular sovereignty. Pandora’s Box opened with the Kansas-Nebraska Act 1. New Opportunities- Both the territories are north of 36,30’ giving southern slave owners the chance to expand slavery into an area previously off limits 2. Voided- The Missouri Compromise and reopened the argument about the expansion of slavery. 3. New Parties- Whole new parties emerge as a direct result with their whole purpose to stop the spread of slavery

Bleeding Kansas The Cause- Kansas was settled by anti-slavery farmers but slave owners in Missouri rushed in people to win control of the state for slavery. The Free-Soilers then paid for the resettlement of antislavery settlers from the Northeast to Kansas.

Dredd Scott Decision The Case- Dredd Scott a slave in Missouri is taken to Wisconsin a free state to live for two years. Believing his time in Wisconsin made him free he sues for his freedom. Decision- The Supreme Court rules that no African-American even free has the right to US citizenship. Slaves were property not people Congress has no legal right to regulate slavery in the United States

Fallout from the Dredd Scott Decision North- upset with the allowance of slavery in their states. Abolitionists- call for Northern states to ignore the decision South- delighted, proof they were right about slavery Republican Party- declare that if their presidential candidate is elected will appoint a new Supreme Court to overturn this case

John Brown He advocated the use of violence to end slavery Harpers Ferry- He led a group of whites and blacks; seizing weapons in his plan to arm slaves for a violent uprising He was caught and hung for treason, considered a terrorists by Southerners, a martyr by abolitionists

Abraham Lincoln South- warns that if Lincoln wins the election of 1860 they will succeed. Fort Sumter, South Carolina- Attacked by Confederate forces in April, 1861 setting off the Civil War He believed the preservation of the Union was more important than anything else

2011 United History End of Course Test Review