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The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

The Nervous System and the Endocrine System. Module 04. Module Overview. Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System How Neurons Communicate The Structure of the Nervous System The Endocrine System. Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

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The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

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  1. The Nervous System and the Endocrine System Module 04

  2. Module Overview • Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System • How Neurons Communicate • The Structure of the Nervous System • The Endocrine System Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

  3. Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

  4. Nervous System • The electrochemical communication system of the body • Sends messages from the brain to the body for movement • Brings information to the brain from the senses

  5. Neuron • A nerve cell; • the basic building block of the nervous system. • Neurons perform three basic tasks • Receive information • Carry the information • Pass the information on to the next neuron

  6. Parts of the Neuron

  7. Parts of the Neuron - Dendrites Dendrite – The branching extensions of a neuron that receive information and conduct impulses toward the cell body (soma).

  8. Parts of the Neuron - Soma Soma– The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus and other parts that keep the cell healthy

  9. Parts of the Neuron - Axon Axon – The extension of a neuron through which neural impulses are sent.

  10. Parts of the Neuron – Myelin Sheath Myelin Sheath – protects the axon and influences the speed of the neural impulse.

  11. Parts of the Neuron - Terminals Axon terminals – The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored.

  12. How Neurons Communicate Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

  13. How Neurons Communicate:The Neural Impulse Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

  14. Action Potential • A neural impulse; • a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron. • Considered an “on” condition of the neuron

  15. Action Potential

  16. Refractory Period • The “recharging phase” during which a a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential • Once the refractory period is complete the neuron can fire again

  17. Refractory Period

  18. Resting Potential • The state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential. • The neuron is set and ready to fire

  19. Resting Potential

  20. All-or-None Principle • The principle stating that if a neuron fires, then it always fires at the same intensity; • all action potentials have the same strength. • A neuron does NOT fire at 30%, 45% or 90% but at 100% each time it fires.

  21. How Neurons Communicate:Communication Between Neurons Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

  22. Synapse • The tiny, fluid-filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another. • The action potential cannot jump the gap

  23. Neurotransmitters • A chemical messenger that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next and influences whether a neuron will generate an action potential.

  24. Neurotransmitters

  25. Neurotransmitters

  26. Excitatory Effect • A neurotransmitter effect that makes it more likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential or “fire.” • The second neuron is more likely to fire.

  27. Inhibitory Effect • A neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential or “fire.” • The second neuron is less likely to fire.

  28. How Neurons Communicate: The Neural Chain Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

  29. Receptor Cells • Specialized cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials (neural impulses) that the brain can process. • Receptor cells in the eye turn light into a neural impulse the brain understands.

  30. Sensory Nerves • Nerves that carry information from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain. • Connect the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord

  31. Interneurons • Nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information. • Related to sensory input and motor output

  32. Motor Nerves • Nerves that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. • Carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of your body

  33. A Neural Chain

  34. A Neural Chain

  35. A Neural Chain

  36. A Neural Chain

  37. A Neural Chain

  38. The Structure of the Nervous System Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

  39. The Nervous System

  40. Central Nervous System (CNS) • The brain and spinal cord. • The brain is the location of most information processing. • The spinal cord is the main pathway to and from the brain.

  41. Divisions of the Nervous System

  42. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • The sensory and motor nerves that connect the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body. • Peripheral means “outer region” • The system is subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

  43. Divisions of the Nervous System

  44. Somatic Nervous System • The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. • Contains the motor nerves needed for the voluntary muscles

  45. Divisions of the Nervous System

  46. Autonomic Nervous System • The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs; • its subdivisions are the sympathetic (arousing) division and the parasympathetic (calming) division. • Monitors the autonomic functions • Controls breathing, blood pressure, and digestive processes

  47. Divisions of the Nervous System

  48. Sympathetic Nervous System • The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats. • Fight or flight response

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