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Chapter 18. The Triumph of the Bourgeoisie 1830-1871. The Working Class. New class left behind by industrialization Also known as proletariat Expressed their frustrations through political uprisings and social movements. Realism.
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Chapter 18 The Triumph of the Bourgeoisie 1830-1871
The Working Class • New class left behind by industrialization • Also known as proletariat • Expressed their frustrations through political uprisings and social movements
Realism • New cultural style that reflected changing political and social conditions • Realism focused on ordinary people and attempted to depict the “heroism of everyday life.”
The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 • The rebellions were propelled by liberal ideas and nationalistic goals • Causes of revolutions • Declining production • Rising unemployment • Falling agricultural prices • The revolutions took place in Paris, Berlin, and Vienna as the middle class and working class toppled kings and ministers.
Realpolitik • Realpolitik or power politics governed most European states from 1850-1871. • Bismarck, the prime minister of Prussia, was a major force in Realpolitik..
Great Britain • Reform Bill of 1832 extended voting rights to middle class male workers • Reform Bill of 1867 extended right to vote to working class • During the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901), Great Britain at peak of economic power.
Civil War in the U.S. • Economic issues divided the northern and southern states • The question of slavery. In 1861 the southern states seceded from the union, provoking a civil war • The Civil War lasted four years and resulted in huge losses • Northern victory in 1865 under President Lincoln • Relations between north and south continued to be strained in period of Reconstruction (1865-1876)
Industrialism • After its beginnings in England, industrialism took place in France and Belgium. • Great Britain passed into the second phase of the Industrial Revolution • By 1850, all the major cities in Great Britain were linked by rail.
The Crystal Palace • The Crystal Palace housed the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London. • In a structure that used advanced methods and building materials, the newest inventions and machine-made goods were displayed for the public.
The Suez Canal • Opened in 1869 • Linked the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea. • Shortened the distance between Europe and India, thus enabling steamships to ferry goods and passengers around the world more quickly
Utilitarianism • Major philosophical view of the century • Started by Jeremy Bentham • Utility for society was always identified with the greatest happiness for the greatest number. • Reinterpreted by John Stuart Mill, who started out as a follower of Utilitarianism, but later changed his views.
Socialism • Two groups spoke for socialism: the utopian socialists and the Marxists. • Utopians believed that the ills of industrial society could be overcome through cooperation between workers and capitalists. • Marxists called for revolution, violence and triumph of socialism. • Marx and Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto, the bible of socialism. Forecast a classless society and a workers’ revolution.
Religion and Science • Major conflict of the century • Higher criticism • movement began in Germany • Scholars began to try to locate sources of each book of the Bible. • The Bible no longer looked at as divine revelation.
Geology • Geologists discredited the biblical story of creation • Biologists questioned divine origin of human beings • Charles Lyell’s fossil research showed that the earth was much older than Christians claimed.
Evolution • Darwin’s Origin of Species published in 1859. • Showed that over the course of time, modern plants and animals had evolved from simpler forms through a process of natural selection • Darwin’s A Descent of Man published in 1871. • Applied his findings to human beings, portraying them as the outcome of millions of years of evolution.
Other Scientific Advances • Louis Pasteur proved the germ theory of disease • John Dalton invented atomic theory • Mendeleev worked out table of elements • In the 1840’s, chemists introduced nitrous oxide and chloroform.
Realism in Literature • Focused on everyday lives of middle and lower class people • Realists sought to convey what they saw around them in a serious accurate and unsentimental way. • French Realism • Balzac – began realist movement in literature • Gustav Flaubert – leading French Realist. Madame Bovary • English Realism • Charles Dickens • Elizabeth Gaskell • George Eliot • Russian Realism • Tolstoy • Dostoevsky • African American Writers slave narratives • Frederick Douglas • Sojourner Truth
Realism in Art • Courbet-his provocative canvases outraged audiences and made him the guiding spirit of Realism.
Daumier • Chronicled the life of Paris with a dispassionate eye
Millet • Painted the countryside near Barbizon, a village south of Paris
Manet • Leader in a new style of painting • Dispassionate art in which the subject and artist have no necessary connection • Art for art’s sake.
Music 1830-1871 • Post-romantic Composers • Wagner • Verdi • Rachmaninoff • Wagner • Mahler • Strauss • Verdi • Dvorak • Smetana • Grief • Sibelius
