1 / 69

Periodic Relationship among the Oxides of the Elements Li to Cl

39. Periodic Relationship among the Oxides of the Elements Li to Cl. 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis. 39.1. Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements.

laird
Download Presentation

Periodic Relationship among the Oxides of the Elements Li to Cl

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. 39 Periodic Relationship among the Oxides of the Elements Li to Cl 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis

  2. 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements

  3. 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements (SB p.19) Introduction • The electronegativity value of oxygen is 3.5

  4. 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements (SB p.19) Introduction • When oxygen combines with elements having low electronegativity values (e.g. metals) •  the oxygen atoms would gain the electrons from the elements •  to form oxide ions

  5. 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements (SB p.19) Introduction • The compounds formed consist of • positive ions formed the electropositive elements • negative oxide ions • These oxides are ionic oxides

  6. 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements (SB p.19) Introduction • When oxygen combines with elements of similar electronegativity values • the oxygen atoms would share electrons with these elements • to form covalent oxides

  7. 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements (SB p.19) Nature of Bonding • The oxides of Periods 2 and 3 elements can be classified into • ionic oxides • ionic oxides with high covalent character • covalent oxides

  8. 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements (SB p.20) Periodicity in nature of bonding of the oxides of Periods 2 and 3 elements

  9. 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements (SB p.20) Nature of Bonding • Going across a period from left to right, the nature of bonding of the oxides changes from • ionic bonding • ionic bonding with covalent character • covalent bonding

  10. 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements (SB p.20) Nature of Bonding • A number of elements in Periods 2 and 3 form more than one oxide with oxygen • Example: • Sodium is a reactive metal •  can form the normal oxide and peroxide with oxygen

  11. 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements (SB p.20) Nature of Bonding • Elements with electronegativity values similar to oxygen also form a variety of oxides

  12. 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements (SB p.20) Names, stoichiometric composition and electronic structures of oxides of Periods 2 and 3 elements

  13. 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements (SB p.20 – 21 ) Names, stoichiometric composition and electronic structures of oxides of Periods 2 and 3 elements

  14. 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements (SB p.21) Names, stoichiometric composition and electronic structures of oxides of Periods 2 and 3 elements

  15. 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements (SB p.21) Names, stoichiometric composition and electronic structures of oxides of Periods 2 and 3 elements

  16. 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements (SB p.21) Names, stoichiometric composition and electronic structures of oxides of Periods 2 and 3 elements

  17. 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements (SB p.22) Names, stoichiometric composition and electronic structures of oxides of Periods 2 and 3 elements

  18. 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements (SB p.22) Names, stoichiometric composition and electronic structures of oxides of Periods 2 and 3 elements

  19. Check Point 39-1 39.1 Bonding of the Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements (SB p.22) Names, stoichiometric composition and electronic structures of oxides of Periods 2 and 3 elements

  20. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis

  21. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.23) Ionic Oxides • Generally react with water to form hydroxides • As hydroxides are basic oxides •  they neutralize with dilute acids to form salts • Do not react with dilute alkalis

  22. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.23) Ionic Oxides • Lithium oxide •  reacts vigorously with water to form lithium hydroxide • Li2O(s) + H2O(l)  2LiOH(aq)

  23. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.23) Ionic Oxides • Sodium monoxide •  reacts vigorously with water to form sodium hydroxide • Na2O(s) + H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq)

  24. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.23) Ionic Oxides • Sodium peroxide •  reacts with water to give sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide • Na2O2(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2O2(aq)

  25. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.23) Ionic Oxides • Magnesium oxide •  less basic •  reacts slightly with cold water and moderately with hot water to form magnesium hydroxide, which is very slightly soluble

  26. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.23) Ionic Oxides • Magnesium oxide • Magnesium hydroxide solution is a weakly alkaline solution • MgO(s) + H2O(l)  Mg(OH)2(s)

  27. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.23) Ionic Oxides • All ionic oxides react with dilute acids to form salts

  28. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.23) Ionic Oxides • The reactions can be summarized by the following ionic equations: • Li2O(s) + 2H+(aq)  2Li+(aq) + H2O(l) • Na2O(s) + 2H+(aq)  2Na+(aq) + H2O(l) • Na2O2(s) + 2H+(aq) 2Na+(aq) + H2O2(aq) • MgO(s) + 2H+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + H2O(l)

  29. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.23) Ionic Oxides with High Covalent Character • Beryllium oxide and aluminium oxide •  ionic oxides with high covalent character •  not soluble in water

  30. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.23) Ionic Oxides with High Covalent Character • Beryllium oxide and aluminium oxide •  react with both dilute acids and dilute alkalis to form soluble compounds •  amphoteric oxides

  31. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.23) Ionic Oxides with High Covalent Character • Beryllium oxide and aluminium oxide • BeO(s) + 2H+(aq)  Be2+(aq) + H2O(l) • BeO(s) + 2OH–(aq) + H2O(l) [Be(OH) 4]2–(aq) beryllate ion

  32. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.23) Ionic Oxides with High Covalent Character • Beryllium oxide and aluminium oxide • Al2O3(s) + 6H+(aq)  2Al3+(aq) + 3H2O(l) • Al2O3(s) + 2OH–(aq) + 3H2O(l) 2[Al(OH)4]–(aq) aluminate ion

  33. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.24) Covalent Oxides • Some covalent oxides that are soluble in water •  react with water to form acids •  react with dilute alkalis •  do not react with dilute acids

  34. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.24) 1. Behaviour of Covalent Oxides of Period 2 Elements in Water and Dilute Alkalis • Boron(III) oxide •  reacts with water to form boric(III) acid • B2O3(s) + 3H2O(l)  2H3BO3(s)

  35. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.24) 1. Behaviour of Covalent Oxides of Period 2 Elements in Water and Dilute Alkalis • Carbon monoxide  neutral insoluble in water

  36. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.24) 1. Behaviour of Covalent Oxides of Period 2 Elements in Water and Dilute Alkalis • Carbon dioxide •  moderately soluble in cold water •  the solution formed is slightly acidic • CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)

  37. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.24) 1. Behaviour of Covalent Oxides of Period 2 Elements in Water and Dilute Alkalis • Dinitrogen oxide and nitrogen monoxide •  neutral •  insoluble in water

  38. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.24) 1. Behaviour of Covalent Oxides of Period 2 Elements in Water and Dilute Alkalis • Nitrogen dioxide • reacts rapidly with cold water to give a mixture of nitric(III) acid and nitric(V) acid • 2NO2(g) + H2O(l) HNO2(aq) + HNO3(aq) nitric(III) acid nitric(V)acid

  39. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.24) 1. Behaviour of Covalent Oxides of Period 2 Elements in Water and Dilute Alkalis • Dinitrogen tetraoxide • reacts with water to form nitric(III) acid and nitric(V) acid • N2O4(g) + H2O(l) HNO2(aq) + HNO3(aq)

  40. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.24) 1. Behaviour of Covalent Oxides of Period 2 Elements in Water and Dilute Alkalis • Dinitrogen pentaoxide • reacts with cold water to form nitric(V) acid • N2O5(s) + H2O(l)  2HNO3(aq)

  41. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.24) 1. Behaviour of Covalent Oxides of Period 2 Elements in Water and Dilute Alkalis • Oxygen •  neutral • very slightly soluble in water

  42. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.24) 1. Behaviour of Covalent Oxides of Period 2 Elements in Water and Dilute Alkalis • Oxygen difluoride •  colourless gas •  hydrolyzes slowly to form oxygen gas and hydrogen fluoride • OF2(g) + H2O(l)  2HF(aq) + O2(g)

  43. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.24) 1. Behaviour of Covalent Oxides of Period 2 Elements in Water and Dilute Alkalis • The reactions can be summarized by the following ionic equations: • B2O3(s) + 6OH–(aq) 2BO33–(aq) + 3H2O(l) • CO2(g) + 2OH–(aq) CO32–(aq) + H2O(l)

  44. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.24) 1. Behaviour of Covalent Oxides of Period 2 Elements in Water and Dilute Alkalis • The reactions can be summarized by the following ionic equations: • 2NO2(g) + 2OH–(aq) NO2–(aq) + NO3–(aq) + H2O(l) • N2O4(g) + 2OH–(aq) NO2–(aq) + NO3–(aq) + H2O(l)

  45. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.24) 1. Behaviour of Covalent Oxides of Period 2 Elements in Water and Dilute Alkalis • The reactions can be summarized by the following ionic equations: • N2O5(s) + 2OH–(aq) 2NO3–(aq) + H2O(l) • OF2(g) + 2OH–(aq) 2F–(aq) + O2(g) + H2O(l)

  46. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.25) 2. Behaviour of Covalent Oxides of Period 3 Elements in Water and Dilute Alkalis • Silicon(IV) oxide •  does not react with water •  weakly acidic • reacts with hot alkalis to form silicates(IV) • SiO2(s) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SiO3(aq) + H2O(l)

  47. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.25) 2. Behaviour of Covalent Oxides of Period 3 Elements in Water and Dilute Alkalis • Phosphorus(III) oxide • reacts slowly with cold water to form phosphoric(III) acid • P4O6(s) + 6H2O(l)  4H3PO3(aq)

  48. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.25) 2. Behaviour of Covalent Oxides of Period 3 Elements in Water and Dilute Alkalis • Phosphorus(V) oxide • reacts vigorously with cold water to form phosphoric(V) acid • P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l)  4H3PO4(aq)

  49. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.25) 2. Behaviour of Covalent Oxides of Period 3 Elements in Water and Dilute Alkalis • Sulphur dioxide • react with water to form sulphuric(IV) acid • SO2(g) + H2O(l)  H2SO3(aq) sulphuric(IV) acid

  50. 39.2 Behaviour of Oxides of Periods 2 and 3 Elements in Water, Dilute Acids and Dilute Alkalis (SB p.25) 2. Behaviour of Covalent Oxides of Period 3 Elements in Water and Dilute Alkalis • Sulphur trioxide • react with water to form sulphuric(VI) acid • SO3(g) + H2O(l)  H2SO4(aq) sulphuric(VI) acid

More Related