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1980s- present: Peace Process and Challenges of the Future

1980s- present: Peace Process and Challenges of the Future. Chronology. 1982: Israeli invasion of Lebanon 1987: Palestinian uprising (intifada) in the Occupied Territories 1991: Gulf War and Madrid Conference 1993: Oslo Accords

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1980s- present: Peace Process and Challenges of the Future

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  1. 1980s- present: Peace Process and Challenges of the Future

  2. Chronology • 1982: Israeli invasion of Lebanon • 1987: Palestinian uprising (intifada) in the Occupied Territories • 1991: Gulf War and Madrid Conference • 1993: Oslo Accords • 1996: election of Netanyahu and beginning of breakdown of Accords • 1998: Wye River • 2000: the other Camp David and al-Aqsa intifada • 2002: invasion and re-occupation of Palestinian lands • 2003: new Israeli and possibly Palestinian elections

  3. Background: situation in the Occupied territories, 1970s-1908s (L) Beach Camp (Gaza), (M) Identity cards for Palestinians, (R) Gaza alley House demolition Israeli Soldiers, al-`Amari Camp Ramallah

  4. Occupied Territories, 1970s-1980s • Economic situation • Captive labor force • taxes • Political situation • Settlements: 1967-1977: 770 1978-1977: 6,000 • Repression and control • Land confiscations, house demolitions • Movement restrictions (identity cards, etc) • Imprisonment: administrative detention • 1976 elections • Palestinian politics and development of civil society

  5. Light gray = Israeli Civil and security Control Dark gray = Palestinian autonomous area Medium gray = Palestinian Autonomous area but joint control With Israel Blue circles, square, triangles = Israeli settlements

  6. Israeli invasion of Lebanon, 1982 • Goals of “Peace for Galilee” • Issue of deceit (Sharon) • Chronology of events • June 6 attack • Siege of Beirut (summer) • Ceasefire, Aug. 18 • Election (Aug) of Gemayel, assassination (Sep. 14) • Sabra and Shatila massacre (Sep. 15-16) • Marines and bombing, 1983

  7. Effects of invasion • PLO and Palestinians • Israel • Lebanon • Groundwork for intifada

  8. The intifada: some points • Political opening • Standing of Palestinians • Gulf War and change of course

  9. The intifada • “There was something in the air” • Stages and tactics: organized resistance; civil disobedience; strikes; leaflets; economic boycott; demonstrations • Unified National Leadership of the Uprising (UNLU) • Islamist element; Hamas • Gaza: 42% land expropriated since 1967. 70% population on land one fifteenth size of West Bank

  10. Political demands and international arena • Fourteen Points • Independent state/PLO • Coexistence w/Israel (recognition; two-state) • International conference (UN) • Stop settlements and land confiscations • Cancel special taxes • 1988 Palestine National Council (Algiers • Declaration of Palestinian state (recognition) • Acceptance of 242 and 338 • US-PLO dialogue (called off 1989) • Repression, 1989 • Labor withdrawal from national unity government, 1989 • Changing directions, 1990 and invasion of Kuwait

  11. The Gulf War: background • Regional tensions • Iraq-Kuwait tensions • Iraq’s appeal to deeper grievances in the region • All of above led to attack, Aug. 2, 1990

  12. The war • Desert Shield (Oct. ’90) • Desert Storm (Nov.); offensive begins Jan. 16 • War finished: Feb. 27, 1991 • The Aftermath: uprisings (Shiites, Kurds) • “Safe havens,” May 1991

  13. Aftermath • UN Security Council Resolution 687: • UN inspections • Return of stolen property/compensation • 1963 boundaries • Embargo on food &emergency goods lifted • Ban on oil and export to be negotiated • Casualties, damage, politics, refugees • “New world order”?

  14. Toward Peace….? • Situation of PLO • Madrid Conference (Oct., 1991) • Situation of Israel (loan guarantees, Labor victory, June 1992) • Oslo: secret talks (winter 1993) Haidar Abd al-Shafi and Hanan Ashrawi

  15. Oslo Accords: in theory • Declaration of Principles (DOP) • 5-yr interim agreement: • Withdrawal from Gaza-Jericho • Council election • Redeployment • Permanent status negotiations (slated for 1995-1998)

  16. Oslo Accords: reality • 1994 Jordan agreement • Nov. 4, 1995 Rabin assassination • Spring ’96: bus bombings, Lebanon adventure, Netanyahu elected • March 1997 settlement construction • More bombings

  17. Problems/critique of Oslo • Inequality; lack of reciprocity • Vagueness; unequal balance • Autonomy: people not territory • Military law • Israeli control issues (Council, e.g.) • Israeli security issues

  18. Effects • Restrictions and closures • Land expropriations • Economy • Disillusionment • Failure of Wye, Camp David II (August 2000) • Sharon’s visit to Al-Aqsa/Temple Mount (Sep. 2000) and al-Aqsa intifada • Invasion and re-occupation

  19. Proposed map of Camp David II (summer 2000) Orange = proposed Palestinian sovereignty Light tan = initially Israeli-designated Security zone, to be transferred to Palestinian sovereignty Blue areas and blue triangles = Israeli Cities and settlements shown projected size Blue lines (==) = network of existing Or planned Israeli thoroughfares

  20. Where are we now? Bus bombing by Hamas

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