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The Case for Biodiesel

The Case for Biodiesel. “The Best way to say it is to do it”. Melanie Zauscher SIO 209: Energy Policy. Comparison of Petrodiesel and Biodiesel Emissions Emission Type B100 B20 Carbon Monoxide -43.2% -12.6% Hydrocarbons -56.3% -11% Particulates -55.4% -18%

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The Case for Biodiesel

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  1. The Case for Biodiesel “The Best way to say it is to do it” Melanie Zauscher SIO 209: Energy Policy

  2. Comparison of Petrodiesel and Biodiesel Emissions Emission Type B100 B20 Carbon Monoxide -43.2% -12.6% Hydrocarbons -56.3% -11% Particulates -55.4% -18% Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) +5.8% +1.2% Mutagenicity -80% to -90% -20% Carbon Dioxide* -78.3% -15.7% *Based on Life Cycle (From NREL Report 1998) NOx increase may be offset by tuning engine to biodiesel or by using clean diesel technology (Pahl 2005)

  3. Annual oil yields

  4. Alternative oil stocks: non-edible oils Waste Vegetable Oil (Pahl 2005) – Usually cheaper, but not enough of it Lower NOx emissions Pacific Biodiesel Inc, Hawaii since 1996 diverts restaurant grease and grease trap from landfill Rendered Animal Fats (Pahl 2005) – Fat separated from slaughterhouse waste and butcher shop trimmings Lower NOx emissions, can use contaminated cattle Griffin Industries has a 1.6 million gallon plant biodiesel in Kentucky Oil Soapstock (Haas 2005) – Byproduct of edible oil refining with high water content Soapstockdiesel is 25% less expensive compared to soydiesel

  5. Alternative oil stocks: local species Palm oil (Pahl 2005) Produces the most oil per unit area, but only %1 of total biodiesel Solid at room temp, which can lead to cold problem (gelling) Jatropha (Pahl 2005) Found in South America, Africa and India Low maintance plant requiring very little water and care Pongamia (Kumar & Chadha 2005) Native to India, Australia and Eastern Asia Fungicidal properties Copaiba (Lugari 2003 personal communication) Native to Colombia and Venezuela Produces x3 more oil than Palm oil, but it is not domesticated yet!

  6. Alternative oil stocks: algae Aquatic Species Program from NREL (1976-98) proved algal derived biodiesel possible, but not economically feasible Upcoming article by Huntley & Redalje shows otherwise: Aquasearch – company produces astaxanthin a valuable carotenoid pigment derived from Haematococcus pluvialis H. pluvialis is ~25% oil while other algae species that are ~40% Can use same photobioreactor and open pond system to produce algae higher in oil for biodiesel than H. pluvialis To replace 40% fossil fuels (300 e18 J/yr ) would require ~7% surplus arable land in contrast to 80% for plant derived biodiesel Estimate $50/barrel for algal derived oil versus $84/barrel plant derived oil

  7. Energetics Total Energy Efficiency Ratio (ERR): represents energy stored in fuel compared to the total energy required to produce, transport and distribute it Total fossil fuel energy efficiency ratio (FFEE): how efficiently a fuel uses fossil fuel energy “Biodiesel generally provides more energy with less negative impacts on a life-cycle basis” Data from Pahl 2005

  8. Summary Various sources of oil, each of which will change the economics and energetics of biodiesel Overall lower emissions than petrodiesel Promising developments in growing algae and looking at other creative sources of oil

  9. References Haas, M. Improving the economics of biodiesel production through the use of low value lipids as feedstocks: vegetable oil soapstock. Fuel Processing Technology 86 (2005)1087-1096. Kumar, SK; Chadha, A. Preparation of biodiesel from crude oil of Pongamia pinnata. Bioresource Techonology 96 (2005) 1425-1429. Overview of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Life Cycles. National Renewable Energy Lab. TP-580-24772 Pahl, G. Biodiesel: Growing a New Energy Economy. Chelsea Green, 2005.

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