Dr.-Ing. Mario Oertel Postdoctoral Researcher Hydraulic Engineering Section Civil Engineering Department Bergische Univ

1. Flooding of Underground Facilities in Urban Regions… …after malfunction of flood protection measures 4th International Symposium on Flood Defense Managing Flood Risk, Reliability and Vulnerability Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 6-8, 2008 Dr.-Ing. Mario OertelPostdoctoral Researcher Hydraulic Engineering Section Civil Engineering Department Bergische University of Wuppertal GERMANY

2. Contents Introduction and motivation, Physical model and flood wave propagation, Hazards in underground facilities, Flood-types and modeling result, RoFUF, Summary and Conclusion.

3. Introduction and Motivation • Flood protection measures: • Flood area management, • Technical flood protection, • Flood prevention. • Flood risk management: • Flood protection measures, • Coping measures (operational flood protection, flood defense, rebuilding, financial help, …). • Main prevention component: • Transparent discussion about existence risks and hazards! Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion Source: DKKV (2003)

4. Introduction and Motivation • Flooding processes of underground facilities (underground parking areas, underground stations, underground malls) after malfunction of flood protection measures are not explored respectively human hazards, • current events show the basic necessity of detailed analyses to determine various hazard classes, • only some investigations in Japan deal with underground facilities in matters of possible infrastructural damage. Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion Source: Fukuoka Pref., Yasuda & Hiriashi(2003)

5. Physical Model and Flood Wave Propagation • Scale 1:20 (1:13), • geometrical BC: • flume 0.66 m, • Propagation area 4.0 x 5.6 m, • breach 0.5 m, • entries to underground facilities 0.1 and 0.2 m, • underground volume 0.072 m3, • hydraulic BC: • discharge 28 and 50 l/s, • initial water depth in flume 12.5 and 19.0 cm. Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion

6. Physical Model and Flood Wave Propagation Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion wave deflection 3 to 6 ° Arrival time offlood wave in [s] h0 = 19,0 cm h0 = 12,5 cm h0 = 19.0 cm h0 = 12.5 cm

7. Hazards in Underground Facilities • Fall-limit in entry area: • so called fall-number SN gives information about existence hazard, • possible resilience of adult human between SN = 0.65 and 1.25 m2/s (Abt et al., 1989; RESCDAM, 2000), • high injury potential. Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion Fall-limit (Abt et al., 1989; RESCDAM, 2000)

8. Hazards in Underground Facilities • Increasing water level inside underground building: • hkrit = 1.5 m, • tkrit depending on inflow Qfill and ground space of underground facility Aub, • drowning possible. Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion

9. Flood-Types and Modeling Results • 3 flood-types can be detected: • Direct, active flooding (dynamic flood), • Sidewise, active flooding (dynamic flood), • Indirect, passive flooding (static flood). Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion

10. Flood-Types and Modeling Results • Flood-type 1: Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion

11. Flood-Types and Modeling Results • Flood-type 2: Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion where:

12. Flood-Types and Modeling Results • Flood-type 3: Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion

13. RoFUF • RoFUF = Risk of Flooding Underground Facilities, • implements modeling results in Decision-Support-System, • free download: http://www.rofuf.de • NOGREEN markers! Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion symbol to include in flood risk maps

14. Summary and Conclusion • People in flood areas next to rivers are – highly – at risk in matters of flooding underground facilities after malfunction of flood protection measures, • with physical and numerical models as well as theoretical investigations the existence hazards could be identified and quantified in detail, • main hazards occur in entry areas and inside underground facilities depending on three various flood-types, • all results of the research project are implemented in RoFUF – a Decision-Support-System – which allows the identification of hazard classes in underground facilities after Switzerland standards. • Thank you for your kind attention.  • Dr.-Ing. Mario Oertel • Hydraulic Engineering Section • Bergische University of Wuppertal • Fon: +49 (0) 202 439 4133 • E-Mail: maoertel@uni-wuppertal.de Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion