Housing Settlement through Reinforced Mud Blocks

1. Housing Settlement through Reinforced Mud Blocks Energy Efficient Brick Production EEBP; A Swiss Technology Transfer Project in Pakistan 1

2. Background • Unprecedented floods • Mission Note: Rapid environmental assessment of the flooding in Pakistan • Out of two million houses, 500,000 in Punjab,180,000 completely damaged in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa alone • Rapid rehabilitation addressing constraints on time and resources • Need of locally available, low cost, environment friendly owner driven solution • Suitable to rural reconstruction mostly made of mud, damaged in floods

3. Compressed Earth Blocks Housing Technology • An energy efficient and environment friendly, low cost, rapid and simple housing solution, providing flood affectees a permanent structure to resume normal life ASAP, avoiding costly transitional solutions • Aligned with ‘owner-driven approach’ respecting traditional know-how, involving community man power • Tested proven and accepted by reputed organizations

4. Tested and Proven Advantages • Environment Friendly Mitigates GHG emissions, offsetting the use of fuel wood and Coal needed to fire bricks • Clay surfaces are cool in summer, warm in winter • Cost effective • uses local resources, men and materials • Produced on the construction site, no transportation cost & breakage • Local indigenous population utilized , minimum of skilled labour only professional supervision • Clay absorbs odours Seismically vulnerable, out-of-plane wall forces may result collapse of roof

5. Basic Concept- Earth Blocks • Blocks produced on the principle of densification of raw earth • Mixed with stabiliser such as cement or lime • Pressed at 20 - 40 kg/cm2 using manual soil press • Shape and size of block defined by the equipment used • Can be used for load bearing construction up to three storeys Kg/sqcmx14.2233=psi; 284 – 568 psi

6. Soil stabilization • Application of additional supplements or forces to the soil-making it more waterproof and stronger • Quality depends on: • Properties and mix of soil types • Amount of force applied • Addition of chemical or natural products

7. Compression Mechanism • Manual Mould • Mechanical Press CINVA Ram • Hydraulic Press • De-airing Extruder Inter-American Housing Centre (CINVA) in Bogota, Columbia

8. Basic Production Principles • Dry Compressive Strength : 20-30 kg/cm2 • Wet compressive strength :10-15 kg/cm2 • Water absorption :<15% by weight • Erosion :<5% by weight • Surface characteristics : Smooth surface, no pitting Total loading is 10.5 psi (0.74 kg/cm2) against compressive strength of 284 psi Kg/sqcmx14.2233=psi; 284 – 568 psi

9. Basic Production Principles(Continued....) • Mix Preparation • Batching Type: Shrinkage:Admixture • Gravely Soil : 30-60mm : Cement @ 5 - 10% • Sandy Soil : 15-30mm : Cement @ 5 - 7% • Clayey Soil : <15mm : Lime @ 7 - 10% • Mixing Sandy soil being mixed with cement Clayey soil being mixed with Lime

10. Basic Design Principles(Continued....) • Compaction • Filling the mould • Moulding • Mechanical Press CINVA Ram • Simple CINVA Ram Manual Hand Mould • Interlocking CINVA Ram • Block ejection and stacking Inter-American Housing Centre (CINVA) in Bogota, Columbia

11. Stabilized Earth Blocks (SEBs) • Earthquake Resistant ; Zone-IV • Adopted & Used by: Shelter USA • Block size :12”x12”x6” • Soil ratio : 55 : 40 : 5 • (Clay/Silt 55%, Sand/Gravel 40%, Lime/Cement 5%) • Weight : 20 Kg Out-of-plane wall forces resisted by RCC frame

12. Cost Comparison Standard

13. Costing Items for Two Room Unit • Items : Specifications : Amount • Sub-structure up to DPC level :Burnt bricks, DPC : Rs. 69,365.0 • Super structure up to ring beam:Mud blocks, steel etc : Rs.183710.0 • Precast roofing system : Beam, slabs, insulation: Rs. 85000.0 • Mud block flooring : Stabilized blocks : Rs. 25,250.0 • Doors and windows : Iron sheets, angle iron : Rs. 24600.0 • Elec, water and sewerage : standard fitting : Rs. 31554.0 • Total : Rs. 4,25,979 • For a three room unit : Rs.5,76,150 • Total Plinth Area : 850.0 Sft • 1150.0 Sft • Rate per Sft : Rs.501/ Sft Value addition options: Water filter, Biogas plant, Hand pump, Septic tank, & Solar unit

14. Re-construction Concept • Creating Ownership of Stakeholders • Training of Trainers • Construction of Model Units at Selected locations • Incentives for the Early Starters • Mass Communication- Paradigm Shift through published material

15. Strategic Orientation & Target Settlement • Geographical Spread- KPK Plain Areas and Punjab • Through NDMA in Punjab and Sindh rural areas • Private House owners and Self builders • Private organizations and NGOs

16. Implementation Mechanism • Social mobilization & identification of priority areas • Delivery of field trainings to master trainers • Central coordination mechanism between actors e.g. PDMA, NGOs, CBOs, SHA • Reporting and monitoring by SHA and actors • Partnership Scenario

17. Thanks 17

18. Literature Review • Rising from the Inundation, Early Recovery Priorities, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa • Mission Note; Rapid Environmental Assessment for flooding in Pakistan, Dr Urs • Rapid Environmental Assessment Report; UNDAC • Understanding Stabilized Earth Construction. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, USA • CSIR Building and Construction Technology: Building Houses with Earth Blocks • Compressed Earth Blocks - A Summary; Instituto Tierra Y Cal • Compressed Earth Blocks. CRA Terre-EAG, German Appropriate Technology Exchange, GATE • Stabilized Compressed Earth Block Technology, TARA Crescent, India • Exploring key changes and developments in post-disaster settlement, shelter and housing, UN OCHA • Building Materials and Construction Technologies, UN Habitat • Interlocking Stabilized Earth Blocks ;UN Habitat • Compressed Earth Blocks; UNCHS – HABITAT • Claytec compressed unfired clay bricks; Construction Resources UK

20. Comparative Analysis and Advantages Courtesy UN Habitat

21. Partnership Scenario “InterCooperation” in the selected districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa • Role of InterCooperation • Identification of needs for re-construction activities and target communities • Baseline Survey of the target area and knowledge of local construction preferences • Mobilizing community organizations on environment friendly re-construction techniques in private housing • Organizing training events and supervision of re-construction/rehabilitation process • Dissemination of information on eco friendly low cost housing • Support to EEBP Pakistan at all social mobilization levels Role of EEBP Pakistan • Provision of trainings on eco friendly low cost construction material, mud-cement blocks etc. to house owners, masons and self help builders • Designing of specific individual trainings for community mobilizers, masons, labour and house owners on environmental issues, construction techniques and housing designs • Demonstration of eco friendly designs through model houses for vulnerable community members, shared communal buildings etc. • Practical trainings of trainers (lead masons from the target community), masons and labour • Frequency of training events and requirements of the target community • Support to InterCooperation on all technical grounds under the assignment • Provision of technical services in environment friendly rehabilitation methods in re-construction, communal schemes for water supply and sanitation • Designing and provision of Trainings on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene promotion (WASH) in rural communities • Ecological use of construction material (wood and other products) and building methods suitable to local environment