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Development

Development. Three factors of Development. Economic Social Demographic. HDI. HDI: Human Development Index, created by the United Nations, is a reflection of those three factors The UN selects one economic factor, two social factors, and one demographic factor to compute the HDI

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Development

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  1. Development

  2. Three factors of Development • Economic • Social • Demographic

  3. HDI • HDI: Human Development Index, created by the United Nations, is a reflection of those three factors • The UN selects one economic factor, two social factors, and one demographic factor to compute the HDI • The highest HDI possible is 1.0, or 100% • Canada usually ranks the highest at 0.932

  4. Economic Factors • The HDI used gross domestic product per capita as the economic factor • Other economic factors are considered: • Types of jobs • Productivity • Raw Materials • Consumer Goods

  5. GDP Per Capita • Individuals in MDCs typically earn more income than in LDCs • Per capita income is difficult to calculate in LDCs • GDP is the value of the total output of goods and services produced within a country, normally during a year • Geographers use GDP per capita instead • GDP divided by total population

  6. Types of Jobs • Tops typically fall into three categories: primary, secondary, and tertiary • In an LDC, sometimes 75% of workers are in a primary sector, compared to 5% in an MDC • In an MDC, jobs have decreased in primary and secondary sectors, and increased in tertiary

  7. Productivity • Workers in an MDC are more productive than workers in an LDC • Productivity: the value of a particular product compared to the labor used to make it • Machinery can help increase productivity

  8. Raw Materials • Development requires access to raw materials and energy sources • LDCs that have petroleum are able to advance more quickly than those that do not • Not all developed countries have raw materials (ex: Japan) • Developed through world trade and technology

  9. Consumer Goods • Wealth can be divided between necessities (clothing, shelter, and food) and luxuries (television, cars, technology) • The type of goods and services purchased by consumers is another indicator of economic development • How important is the car? Telephone? Television?

  10. Social Indicators • MDCs use their wealth to provide schools, hospitals, and welfare services • Social factors include: • Education and literacy • Health and welfare

  11. Education and Literacy • The higher the level of development, the greater are both the quantity and quality of education • The quality of education is measured in the student/teacher ratio and the literacy rate • Literacy Rate: the percentage of a country’s people that can read and write • Typically 95% in MDC, and less than 33% in LDC

  12. Health and Welfare • People are healthier in MDCs • Most developed states have socialized healthcare • United States is only major developed country where health care is privatized • MDCs also offer welfare assistance to help those unable to work • Denmark, Norway, and Sweden provide the most welfare assistance

  13. Demographic Indicators • The HDI looks at life expectancy as the demographic indicator • Demographic indicators include: • Life Expectancy • Infant Mortality Rate • Natural Increase Rate • Crude Birth Rate

  14. Life Expectancy • Better health and welfare cause people in MDCs to live longer • Life expectancy: the average number of years a newborn can expect to live at current mortality levels • Babies are expected to live to their mid-40s in LDCs, and mid-70s in MDCs • MDCs have large number of elderly people, and LDCs have large number of childred

  15. Infant Mortality Rate • Infant Mortality Rate: The annual number of deaths or infants under one year of age, compared to the number of live births • More babies survive infancy in an MDC • 90% of infants survive in an LDC • 99% of infants survive in an MDC

  16. Natural Increase Rate • NIR: the percentage by which a population grows in a year. • It is computed by subtracting the CBR-CDR • The NIR is about 2% in LDCs, and 1% in MDCs

  17. Crude Birth Rate • Crude Birth Rate: the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society • LDCs have higher NIRs, because they have higher CBRs • The CBR in an LDC is 40 per 1,000 • The CBR in an MDC is 15 per 1,000

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