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A Brief History of the Internet

A Brief History of the Internet. 1836: Telegraph. Patented by Cooke and Wheatstone. Revolutionized human ( tele )communications. Morse Code—a series of dots and dashes—was used to communicate between humans across a long distance. Required telegraph wires throughout the country.

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A Brief History of the Internet

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  1. A Brief History of the Internet

  2. 1836: Telegraph • Patented by Cooke and Wheatstone. • Revolutionized human (tele)communications. • Morse Code—a series of dots and dashes—was used to communicate between humans across a long distance. • Required telegraph wires throughout the country. • Though much slower, this was similar to how computers communicate via binary (0/1) data today.

  3. 1858-1866: Transatlantic Cable • Allowed direct instantaneous communication across the Atlantic Ocean via telegraph. • Today, transatlantic telegraph cables have been replaced by transatlantic telecommunications cables.

  4. 1876: Telephone • Exhibited by Alexander Graham Bell. • A telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls. • The telephone exchange concept has been adapted for use in Internet exchanges.

  5. 1957: Sputnik • USSR launches Sputnik, first artificial earth satellite. • The start of global telecommunications. Satellites play an important role in transmitting all sorts of data today. • In response, US forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defense (DoD) to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the military.

  6. 1962–1968: Packet-switching networks • The Internet relies on electrical “packets” to transfer data. • The origin is military: for utmost security in transferring information of networks. • Data is split into tiny packets that may take different routes to a destination.

  7. Packet-switching networks (Cont.) • Notice the distinctions between a centralized, decentralized, and distributed network. • Distributed networks: • Very hard to eavesdrop on messages. • More than one route available. If one route goes down, another may be followed. • Can withstand large scale destruction (such as nuclear attack—remember that this was the time of the Cold War).

  8. 1969: Birth of the Internet • ARPANET is commissioned by Dept. of Defense for research into networking. • First node developed at UCLA (Los Angeles) closely followed by nodes at Stanford Research Institute, UCSB (Santa Barbara) and U of Utah (4 Nodes). • The first transmission between two of these computers occurred in 1969, and one of the computers crashed a few characters in.

  9. 1971:Birth of Email • 15 nodes (23 hosts) on ARPANET. • E-mail invented—a program to send messages across a distributed network. • E-mail is the main way of inter-personal communication on the Internet today.

  10. 1972: First Public Demonstration • First public demonstration of ARPANET between 40 machines. • Internetworking Working Group (INWG) created to address need for establishing agreed-upon protocols. • Telnet specification created—Telnet is still a relevant means of inter-machine connection today.

  11. 1973–1988: Internet Growth • Internet continues to grow exponentially, adding more hubs and more methods of data sharing. • 1973: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) • 1974: Transmission Control Program (TCP) • 1979: Newsgroups & Multiuser Dungeons (MUD) • 1984: Domain name servers (DNS) • 1987: Commercial use of Internet (28,000 hosts)

  12. 1989: Tim Berners-Lee • Tim Berners-Lee of England (working at CERN in Switzerland) wrote a proposal in March for "a large hypertext database with typed links", but it generated little interest from his boss and others. • The following year, his boss suggested he work on it in his spare time.

  13. 1990: Invention of the Web • By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: • HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) • HyperText Markup Language (HTML) • A Web browser (which was also a Web editor) • A web server and HTTP server software • The first Web pages that described the project itself.

  14. 1991: WWW Released to the Public • Initially non-graphic. • Revolutionized modern communications and our very way of life.

  15. 1993: The Graphical Web • Mosaic took the Internet by storm. It was a user-friendly web browser which allows the display of images. • Mosaic eventually led to Netscape browser. • 2 million Internet hosts and 600 web sites in 1993.

  16. 1994: The Commercial Web • Shopping malls and banks arrived on the web. • 3 million Internet hosts and 10,000 web sites. • Most websites are static—providing for no user interaction.

  17. 1996: The Mobile Web • The first mobile phone with Internet connectivity was the Nokia 9000 Communicator, launched in Finland. • To make efficient use of the small screen and tiny keypad, Wireless Application Protocol (WAP, based on HTML) was created for mobile devices. • Nowadays, mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets typically understand HTML and CSS.

  18. 2004: Web 2.0 • Tim O’Reilly of O’Reilly Publishing coins the term Web 2.0 to refer to cumulative changes in the way websites work: • Interactivity • Information sharing • User-generated content • Collaboration • Photo and video sharing • Blogging

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