AVANTHI WELCOMES YOU TO EUGNO CUMMUNICATION 1- DAY WORKSHOP

1. AVANTHI WELCOMES YOU TO EUGNO CUMMUNICATION 1- DAY WORKSHOP

2. SPEECH SOUNDS IN ENGLISH Study of 26 Alphabets in English

3. On the basis of air flow the speech sounds in English are classified into Vowels and Consonants • The air flows freely and continuously through the mouth .There is no obstruction of air flow in producing vowels sounds. whereas • The air flow is obstructed through the mouth with the different parts of the mouth while producing consonants sounds.

4. CONSONENTS: CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION Consonants are classified on the basis of :- 1.Nature of airstream mechanism . 2.State of the glottis. 3.Raising or lowering of the soft palate. 4.Place of articulation. 5.Manner of articulation.

5. ORGANS OF SPEECH

6. CONSONANTS MANNER OF ARTICULATION On manner of articulation consonants are classified into :- • Plosives / p, b, t, d, k, g / 2. Fricatives / f, v, ð, θ / 3. Affricates / tʃ , ʤ / • Nasals / m, n, ɳ / • Approximants / j, w, r, l /

8. 1) Plosives Plosives are made by making a complete closure between some point and the vocal tract. Pressure builds up behind the closure which is released to create sound. This group includes the sounds of b, p, k, d, t & d.

9. These two sounds are plosives, they differ in the way the voice is used during the sound. • P is aspirated & voiceless– air leaving the mouth. It is a gentle sound. • B is a voiced sound and the air is restricted through the glottis • Both sounds are known as Bilabial Plosives Closed mouth b & p

10. The sounds k & g are made by raising the tongue at the back of the mouth to make a complete closure. • k is a voiceless sound • g is a voiced sound • These are known as • Velar Plosives

11. The sounds of ‘t & d’ are made by raising the tongue to touch the front of the alveolar ridge just behind the teeth. 1) ‘t’ is voiceless 2) ‘d’ is voiced Notice how you can feel air when pronouncing the ‘t’, the ‘d’ sound has no air as it is voiced through the vocal cords. These are know as - Alveolar Plosives Alveolar ridge

12. 2) Fricatives Fricatives are made by moving two vocal organs together to restrict the release of sound. This group includes the sounds of f, v, s, z, and both sh & th sounds

13. F & V 1) The ‘f’ is voiceless – first, phone & flat 2) The ‘v’ is voiced – video, love & have The top front teeth are placed on the top of the bottom lip. The sound is squeezed through the small gaps These sounds are known as Labio-dental Fricatives

14. The voiced sound, found in the, there & feather The voiceless sound found in think, thin & thought The tongue touches the teeth, usually just behind the front teeth. Above is shown the way it can be practised by putting the tongue between the front teeth and touching the index finger. These are known as a Dental fricatives

15. The sound ‘sh’ is made by raising the blade of the tongue to make light contact with the soft palate. The sound is squeezed through the gap making a ‘sh’ sound. The voiceless sound can be found in she, wash, sure & champagne The voiced sound is found in television & revision These sounds are know as Palato-alveolar Fricatives

16. The tip of the tongue is moved towards the edge of the soft plate and the alveolar ridge. The sound is made by squeezing the sound through the gap. ‘s’ – see, voice & most words that begin with ‘s’ z s ‘z’ – zoo, has, freeze, cars and owns. These sounds are known as Alveolar Fricatives

17. This sound is created by raising the back of the tongue to lightly touch the soft plate, air from the lungs is pushed up past the glottis and through the small gap. The sound is found in – hotel, his, behind & hive It is known as a Glottal Fricative

18. Affricatives Affricatives are made by making a complete closure at some point in the mouth, similar to plosives. However, affricatives differ as the air is released slower than a plosive. The sounds ‘ch’ and its voiced version make up this group.

19. These sound are made by combining the two sounds shown here. • The plosive sound made by the t/d is changed by the fricative that follows the release of pressure. • church, crunch & lunch • Jeans, generator & bridge 1) d 2) d These sounds are known as Palato-alveolar Affricatives

20. Nasals Nasal sounds are made by making a complete closure in the mouth and allowing the air to escape through the nose. This group includes the sounds n/ ng/ m

21. These sounds are made by blocking off part of the mouth by using the tongue. The air moving through the nasal passages creates the sound. • no, been, nine & know. It is known as a 1) 2) Alveolar Nasal 2) Song, English & thank. It is known as a Velar Nasal (This sound is common in words that have ‘ng & ‘nk’ spellings.)

22. The ‘m’ sound is made by closing both lips and allowing the sound to travel through the nasal passages My/ dream/ smile/ remember This sound is known as a Bilabial Nasal

23. VOWELS • Vowels are speech sounds produced without any closure or narrowing of the air passing through the mouth. • There are 20 vowels in English , 12 of which are called Pure vowels and the remaining 8 Diphthongs.

24. VOWELS • In Vowels closure and release of air does not takes place. • Air escapes freely and continuously. • No speech organ will stop the air flow from the lungs out of the mouth. • A Vowel sound can be utter continuously.

25. Vowels are distinguished on the basis of the part of the tongue which is raised . But such a distinction is not sufficient to differentiate vowels from each other so another distinction is made based on the height to which the tongue is raised towards roof of the mouth –close open and half-close and half-open . (a)front vowel sound. (4 vowel sounds). (b)central vowel sound. (3 vowel sounds). (c)Back vowel sound. (5 vowel sounds).

26. PURE VOWELS

27. FRONT VOWELS • A front vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far in front as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. • /i:/ , /i/, /e/, /æ/ • Example:- eager, extreme, tea etc

28. Pure vowels usually come in pairs consisting of long and short sounds This is found in the word tea.The lips are spread and the sound is long : This is found in the word hip. The lips are slightly spread and the sound is short The tongue tip is raised slightly at the front towards the alveolar. In the longer sound the tongue is raised higher.

29. CENTRAL VOWELS • A central vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel. • /ə :/, ə/ , /ʌ/

30. This is the short sound – up, cut & butter & a: This is the long sound – car, fast & dark The centre of the tongue is raised towards the soft plate, the lips are neutral.

31. BACK VOWELS • A back vowel is a type of vowel sound used in spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. • /u:/ ,/u/ ,/ɔ:/ ,/ɔ/ ,/ɑ:/

32. The long sound – you, too & blue u: The short sound – Good, would & wool The lips are rounded and the centre and back of the tongue is raised towards the soft plate. For the longer sound the tongue is raised higher and the lips are more rounded.

33. Made with rounded lips and tongue slightly raised at the back The long sound– door, four &more The short sound – hot, clock and what.

34. DIPHTHONGS • Diphthongs are sounds which begin with one vowel sound and move towards another. • There are eight such sounds in English :- • /ei/ :-aid, age, weight etc • /ai̯/ :-ice, eye, buy etc • /ɔi/ :-oil, boy, noise etc • /aʊ̯/ :-owl, mouth, now

35. /əʊ̯/ :-own, old, soul etc • /iə/ :-ear, here, fierce etc • /eə/:-air, scare, pear etc • /ʊə/:-tour, rural, pure etc

36. Thank you BY Mrs. MAHESHWARY