Crucible of Freedom: Civil War, 1861-1865

1. Crucible of Freedom: Civil War, 1861-1865 Chapter 15

2. Causes of the Civil War

3. The American Civil War (1861-1865) Introduction Lincoln’s Dilemma Opposing Sides and Strategies Early War (1861-2) East and West Emancipation Civil War Soldiers Draft and Riots Life for Soldiers The War Continues (1863-1865) The East and West The End Conclusion

4. Themes Compare and contrast the North and South Highlight some of the important battles of the Civil War and life for soldiers

5. Secession From Nov – March 1860-61, 7 states left the Union SC led the way, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Georgia and Texas Argued the Constitution was a contract and the North broke it by not enforcing the Fugitive Slave Laws*** Cry for “States’ Rights” –complete independence of Southern states from federal government control

6. Lincoln’s Dilemma The Civil War, 1861-65

7. Confederate States of America These 7 states drafted their own Constitution and called themselves the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Constitution resembled the US Constitution but it “protected and recognized” slavery in new territories Stressed that each state would be “sovereign and independent” Chose Jefferson Davis to be their President Lincoln said he wouldn’t take active measures to force the states back in the Union

8. President Lincoln 7 states had seceded; many thought he wasn’t up for the job Lincoln: morally opposed to slavery and did not support its spread but would not interfere where it was legal Affirmed authority over all US territory in states that had seceded from the Union

9. Fort Sumter (Background) Fort Sumter, in SC, was low on supplies Lincoln informed South Carolina’s Governor he was sending food and supplies in an unarmed ship

10. For Sumter(April 12, 1861) Confederates attacked Lincoln requested 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion 4 more states seceded: VA, NC, TN, and AK

11. Ft. Sumpter

12. Responses to Secession Some in VA opposed secession People from western counties in VA chose a new governor and applied for statehood in the Union Debate was also strong in TN • Sides are chosen… • Lee • Sides with Virginia, does not agree with slavery but cannot fight against his home state!

13. Confederate States of America(1861-1865)

14. Border States Border states = slave states that remained loyal to the Union Included: DE, MD, KT, MI, and WV

15. Secession Border states = blue

16. Lincoln and Border States Following confrontation in Baltimore, the area was occupied Lincoln suspended writ of habeas corpus Confederates could be jailed without charges indefinitely

17. Opposing Sides and Strategies The Civil War, 1861-1865

18. Mobilizing For WarBoth sides unprepared… North (UNION) South (CONFEDERACY) Army: 16,000 men, mainly in West 1/3 join Confederacy No strong president since Polk Lincoln viewed as weak No direct tax structure No draft Many industries Connected by railroads No tax structure No navy Two gunpowder factories Poorly equipped Unconnected railroads

19. Northern Advantages

20. Figure 15.2: Comparative Population and Economic Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861

21. Anaconda Plan: Union strategy for victory in the Civil War • Union navy would blockade southern ports to prevent trade • Union would take control of the Mississippi River, cutting the CSA into 2 parts • Union armies would capture Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia • SIG – most difficult objective due to the leadership of Robert E. Lee • Confederate commander of the Army of Northern Virginia who opposed secession but felt loyalty to his home state of Virginia

22. Union Strategies Initial Strategy: Blockade of southern ports Capture Mississippi River Scott’s Great Snake

23. Southern Advantages “Home Court Advantage” Most fighting took place in the south Concrete War Aims South fought to preserve their way of life North fought to preserve the Union Officers Many of the best officers fought with the confederacy “King Cotton”

24. Southern Society(1860)

25. King Cotton Southern cotton was traded to European nations 75% of all raw cotton in GB’s factories came from the South Southerners gambled the British would intervene Why did “King Cotton” fail? British factories had surpluses of raw cotton Cotton was imported from Egypt and India Emancipation Proclamation = war to free slaves

26. Financing the War • Federal government • raised funds by land sales and tariffs, but need other sources • North and South raise taxes • 5% raised in the South • 21% raised in the North • Issued war bonds • loans from citizens, repaid by future generations • paid back in gold or silver • Print paper money • Not backed by gold or silver • $150 million in greenbacks • public had to have confidence in the money • Union –legal to pay most public & private debt • Confederates –never make legal; print too much and caused inflation • National Bank • banks can get bank charter to issue national bank notes • private banks can issue war bonds

28. Early War, 1861- 62 The Civil War, 1861-1865

29. Bull Run /Manassas(June 1861) Union forces (led by McDowell) against Confederates (led by Beauregard) Union forces were initially successful Confederate reinforcements arrived and routed Union troops Bull Run/Manassas (Gods and Generals)

30. Bull Run/Manassas(Impact) Union troops were determined never again to be humiliated Boosted confidence of Confederate forces

31. Early War(1861-62) Lincoln replaced McDowell with McClellan who created Army of the Potomac Transformed unorganized troops into disciplined army Remained cautious during fighting in the East George McClellan

32. Shiloh(April 1862) Union forces were led by Grant Confederates staged a surprise attack

33. Shiloh(April 1862) Confederate forces were successful until Union reinforcements arrived Fighting was very bloody: about 23,000 total casualties

34. The Drummer Boy of Shiloh   John Clem ran away from his Newark, Ohio home in 1860. He was 9 years old. When war broke the following year he attempted to join the Union Army but was rejected. Undeterred, the determined 10-year-old tagged along with the 22nd Michigan Volunteer Infantry until he was finally adopted as its mascot and drummer. He was supplied with a scaled-down uniform and a shortened rifle. Clem distinguished himself at the Battle of Shiloh where an artillery shell destroyed his drum. Newspapers got hold of his story and he soon became known as the "Drummer Boy of Shiloh." Clem gained further renown at the Battle of Chickamauga in September of 1863. In the thickest of the fighting, three bullets passed through his cap without doing him any harm. Separated from his unit, he escaped capture when he shot and killed a Confederate soldier who ordered him to halt. Newspapers now labeled him "The Drummer Boy of Chickamauga." Little Clem's luck ran out a month later when he was captured by Confederate cavalry while he was serving as a train guard. He was freed in a prisoner exchange a short time later, but not before the Confederates held him up as evidence that the North was so desperate that it would enlist children in its fight. Clem was rewarded with advancement to the rank of Sergeant and assigned to the headquarters of the Army of the Cumberland. Clem left the Army in 1864 and rejoined it in 1871 as a 2nd Lieutenant. He rose in rank to brigadier general becoming Assistant Quartermaster General of the United States Army in 1903. He retired from the Army in 1915 and died at age 85 in 1937. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

35. Battle of Antietam/Sharpsburg(September 1862) Lee’s troops invaded MD Supplies were needed Hoped for European recognition of the Confederacy George B. McClellan (U.S.) vs. Robert E. Lee (C.S.) in Maryland

36. Antietam/Sharpsburg(September 1862) Tactically a draw; strategically a Union victory as the invasion was halted Bloodiest single-day of fighting in the war (24,000 casualties)

37. Antietam/Sharpsburg(Impact) Antietam = diplomatic victory Lincoln reconsidered his views of the war and slavery Drafted a proclamation to free slaves, but waited for a Union victory

38. The Emancipation Proclamation(Effective January 1, 1863) Freed slaves residing in states in rebellion against the Union Did not free slaves in states loyal to the Union

39. Emancipation Proclamation(Effective January 1, 1863) Lincoln maintained support of border states, yet it pushed them closer to emancipation Transformed war aims: Union soldiers now fought to free slaves

41. Review Questions: Where were the first shots of the civil war fired? Fort Sumter What was the Union’s war strategy called? “Anaconda Plan” Where was the first major bloodshed of the war? Bull Run/First Manassas What was the bloodiest single –day battle in American history? Antietam What did the Emancipation Proclamation do? Freed slaves in rebelling states

42. Civil War Soldiers The Civil War, 1861-1865

43. Enrollment Act(1863) Men 20-45 were eligible for draft Draftee could hire a Substitute to serve in his place Draftee could also pay $300 to avoid service “Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”

44. Draft Riots: NYC(July 1863) Working class white men rioted and targeted: Well-dressed white men, African Americans, and supporters of war Several were injured; at least 6 blacks were lynched

45. Confederate Draft(1862) Similar to North’s “Enrollment Act” Twenty Negro Law: Provided exemption for owners of 20 or more slaves Created resentment amount Southerners

46. Figure 15.1: Opposing Armies of the Civil War

47. Civil War Soldiers African American soldiers enlisted in army after 1862 Over 180,000 served Faced discrimination while serving Represented 10% of entire Union army by end of war Discrimination was common paid less than white troops segregated units with white officers 54th Regiment …GLORY! (show up until 2:14)

48. African American Slaves seized opportunity presented by the approach of Union armies to escape from slavery and achieve freedom

49. Women During the Civil War •  Typically managed homes and families with scarce resources • Often faced poverty and hunger (especially in the South) • Assumed new roles in agriculture, nursing and war industries • Clara Barton = served as a nurse, later founded the American Red Cross • Women in the War

50. The War Continues, 1863-65 The Civil War, 1861-1865