CS/INFO 430 Information Retrieval

1. CS/INFO 430Information Retrieval Lecture 17 Web Search 3

2. Course Administration

3. Information Retrieval Using PageRank Simple Method: Rank by Popularity Consider all hits (i.e., all document that match the query in the Boolean sense) as equal. Display the hits ranked by PageRank. The disadvantage of this method is that it gives no attention to how closely a document matches a query

4. Combining Term Weighting with Reference Pattern Ranking Combined Method 1. Find all documents that contain the terms in the query vector. 2. Let sj bethe similarity between the query and documentj, calculated using tf.idf or a related method. 3. Let pj be the popularity of documentj, calculated using PageRank or another measure of importance. 4. The combined rank cj = sj + (1- )pj, where  is a constant. 5. Display the hits ranked by cj.

5. Questions about PageRank Most pages have very small page ranks • For searches that return large numbers of hits, there are usually a reasonable number of pages with high PageRank. • For searches that return smaller numbers of hits, e.g, highly specific queries, all the pages may have very small PageRanks, so that it is difficult to rank them in a sensible order. Example A search by a customer for information about a product may rank a large number of mail order businesses that sell the product above the manufacturer's site that provides a specification for the product. Small numbers of links may make big changes to rank.

6. Advanced Graphical Methods: www.teoma.com • Carry out a search • Divide Web sites found by a search into clusters, known as communities • Calculate authority within communities • Calculate hubs within communities, known as experts Note: Teoma does not publish the precise algorithms it uses

7. Other Factors in Ranking Coefficient sj and pj may be varied by adding other evidence. Similarity ranking sj might weight: • structural mark-up, e.g., headings, bold, etc. • meta-tags • anchor text and adjacent text in the linking page • file names Popularity ranking pj might weight: • usage data of page • previous searches by same user

8. Anchor Text and Adjacent Text Anchor text Document A provides information about document B Adjacent text

9. Anchor Text and File Names The source of Document A contains the marked-up text: <a href="http://www.cis.cornell.edu/">The Faculty of Computing and Information Science</a> This string provides the following index terms about Document B: Anchor text:faculty, computing, information, science File name:cis, cornell Note: A specific stop list is needed for each category of text.

10. Indexing Non-Textual Materials Factors that can be used to index non-textual materials: • anchor text, including <alt> tags • text adjacent to an anchor • file names • PageRank This is the concept behind image searching on the Web.

11. Context: Image Searching <img src="images/Arms.jpg" alt="Photo of William Arms"> HTML source Captions and other adjacent text on the web page From the Information Science web site

12. Evaluation Web Searching Test corpus must be dynamic The web is dynamic (10%-20%) of URLs change every month Spam methods change change continually Queries are time sensitive Topic are hot and then not Need to have a sample of real queries Languages At least 90 different languages Reflected in cultural and technical differences Amil Singhal, Google, 2004

13. Evaluation: Search + Browse Users give queries of 2 to 4 words Most users click only on the first few results; few go beyond the fold on the first page 80% of users, use search engine to find sites: search to find site browse to find information Amil Singhal, Google, 2004 Browsing is a major topic in the lectures on Usability

14. Evaluation: The Human in the Loop Return objects Return hits Browse documents Search index

15. Scalability Question: How big is the Web and how fast is it growing? Answer: Nobody knows Estimates of the Crawled Web: 1994 100,000 pages 1997 1,000,000 pages 2000 1,000,000,000 pages 2005 8,000,000,000 pages Rough estimates of the Crawlable Web suggest at least 4x Rough estimates of the Deep Web suggest at least 100x

16. Scalability: Software and Hardware Replication Search service advertisement server advertisement server index server advertisement server index server advertisement server index server advertisement server index server advertisement server index server index server index server spell checking document server spell checking document server spell checking document server spell checking document server spell checking document server spell checking document server spell checker document server

17. Scalability: Large-scale Clusters of Commodity Computers "Component failures are the norm rather than the exception.... The quantity and quality of the components virtually guarantee that some are not functional at any given time and some will not recover from their current failures. We have seen problems caused by application bugs, operating system bugs, human errors, and the failures of disks, memory, connectors, networking, and power supplies...." Sanjay Ghemawat, Howard Gobioff, and Shun-Tak Leung, "The Google File System." 19th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, October 2003. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=945445.945450

18. Scalability: Performance Very large numbers of commodity computers Algorithms and data structures scale linearly • Storage • Scale with the size of the Web • Compression/decompression • System • Crawling, indexing, sorting simultaneously • Searching • Bounded by disk I/O

19. Scalability of Staff: Growth of Google In 2000: 85 people 50% technical, 14 Ph.D. in Computer Science In 2000: Equipment 2,500 Linux machines 80 terabytes of spinning disks 30 new machines installed daily Reported by Larry Page, Google, March 2000 At that time, Google was handling 5.5 million searches per day Increase rate was 20% per month By fall 2002, Google had grown to over 400 people. By fall 2006, Google had over 9,000 people.

20. Scalability: Numbers of Computers Very rough calculation In March 2000, 5.5 million searches per day, required 2,500 computers In fall 2004, computers were about 8 times more powerful. Estimated number of computers for 250 million searches per day: = (250/5.5) x 2,500/8 = about 15,000 Some industry estimates (based on Google's capital expenditure) suggest that Google and Yahoo may have had as many as 250,000+ computers in fall 2006.

21. Scalability: Staff Programming: As the number of programmers grows it becomes increasingly difficult to maintain the quality of software. Have very well trained staff. Isolate complex code. Most coding is single image. System maintenance: Organize for minimal staff (e.g., automated log analysis, do not fix broken computers). Customer service: Automate everything possible, but complaints, large collections, etc. still require staff.

22. Scalability of Staff: The Neptune Project The Neptune Clustering Software: Programming API and runtime support, which allows a network service to be programmed quickly for execution on a large-scale cluster in handling high-volume user traffic. The system shields application programmers from the complexities of replication, service discovery, failure detection and recovery, load balancing, resource monitoring and management. Tao Yang, University of California, Santa Barbara http://www.cs.ucsb.edu/projects/neptune/

23. Scalability: the Long Term Web search services are centralized systems • Over the past 12 years, Moore's Law has enabled Web search services to keep pace with the growth of the Web and the number of users, while adding extra function. • Will this continue? • Possible areas for concern are: staff costs, telecommunications costs, disk and memory access rates, equipment costs.

24. Growth of Web Searching In November 1997: • AltaVista was handling 20 million searches/day. • Google forecast for 2000 was 100s of millions of searches/day. In 2004, Google reported 250 million webs searches/day, and estimated that the total number over all engines was 500 million searches/day. Moore's Law and Web searching In 7 years, Moore's Law predicts computer power increased by a factor of at least 24 = 16. It appears that computing power is growing at least as fast as web searching.

25. Other Uses of Web Crawling and Associated Technology The technology developed for Web search services has many other applications. Conversely, technology developed for other Internet applications can be applied in Web searching • Related objects (e.g., Amazon's "Other people bought the following"). • Recommender and reputation systems (e.g., ePinion's reputation system).