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The Second Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution. The Second Industrial Revolution. As industrialization spread, industrialists competed against each other to goods faster, and with less expense This competition led to the development of new products and new technologies

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The Second Industrial Revolution

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  1. The Second Industrial Revolution

  2. The Second Industrial Revolution • As industrialization spread, industrialists competed against each other to goods faster, and with less expense • This competition led to the development of new products and new technologies • The improvements in materials, energy, communication, and transportation that occurred in the late 1800s and early 1900s became known as the “Second Industrial Revolution”

  3. Steel • 1855—Henry Bessemer patents a process for making high-quality steel quickly and efficiently • Steel—which is lighter and more durable—replaced Iron as the primary building material in industrial factories

  4. Electricity • 1870s—first electric generators developed • Electricity replaces Steam as the primary power source for industrial factories • Easily transferable into other forms of energy—heat, light, motion • Moves easily through wires

  5. Revolution in Communication • 1876—first Telephone developed by Alexander Graham Bell • 1901—first Radio waves transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean by Guglielmo Marconi

  6. Revolution in Transportation • 1880s—first appearance of Streetcars and Subways in European cities • Oil-powered Internal Combustion Engine gives rise to: • Oil-powered ships • Automobiles (1890s) • Airplanes (1903)

  7. Assembly Lines • New method of mass production pioneered by Henry Ford around 1910 • Each laborer performs one specific task, repeatedly, as part of the production process • Products move along a conveyor belt, and are assembled by the workers, one bit at a time • What effect would this have on workers?

  8. Urbanization • Throughout the Industrial Age, populations in industrialized areas continued their shift from the country to cities • Rapid Urbanization brought with it a number of problems, including: • Sanitation issues (no garbage service) • Crime (no police departments) • Overcrowding (no decent affordable housing)

  9. The Growth of Unions • After the working class Revolutions of 1848 failed to overturn the economic system, workers turned to workplace organizing to press for better pay and conditions • These organizations—Unions—won two important rights: • Collective Bargaining • Right to Strike • Through collective bargaining and strikes, Industrial Age workers eventually gained: • Better pay • Shorter hours—a 10-hour day; and then an 8-hour day • Improved safety • Reformers also pressed governments for improvements for workers, including: • Child Labor laws • Minimum Wage laws

  10. Unions (cont’d.) • Workers did not gain better pay and improved conditions easily • Employers fought against worker demands at every step—sometimes violently

  11. The Growth of Prosperity • The efforts of unions eventually led to better pay for workers • Industrialists also realized that they needed to pay their workers decent wages so that workers could afford to buy their products • Henry Ford pioneered this idea • Some skilled workers were able to join the growing Middle Class • The wider spread of prosperity led to the growth of consumer culture

  12. The Emergence of Mass Culture • Political reform movements eventually led to improvements in urban sanitation and safety • The Middle Class Ideal—the middle class began to grow during the late Industrial Age, and membership became a goal towards which members of the working class strived • The Family Ideal—The nuclear family became the central institution of Middle Class life, with women generally relegated to working in the home • Women’s Rights—in the late 1800s, women began to press for political rights • Public Education—the number of public schools increased dramatically during the late Industrial Age, and laws were passed mandating attendance at primary school (grades 1-6) • Leisure Activities—with shorter work days, people had time for leisure activities such as picnics, Sunday drives, bike rides, and spectator sports

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