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Chain of survival in patients with cardiac arrest

Giuseppe Biondi Zoccai Division of Cardiology University of Modena and Reggio Emilia gbiondizoccai@gmail.com. Chain of survival in patients with cardiac arrest. Emergenze cardiologiche e morte improvvisa: percorsi assistenziali

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Chain of survival in patients with cardiac arrest

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  1. Giuseppe Biondi Zoccai Division of Cardiology University of Modena and Reggio Emilia gbiondizoccai@gmail.com Chain of survival in patients with cardiac arrest Emergenzecardiologichee morte improvvisa: percorsi assistenziali Sala B – 14.30-14.45 - 1 Aprile 2011 - Pala De Andrè - VialeEuropa 1, Ravenna

  2. Scenario... 2

  3. Scenario... • Sabato, ore 16 • Tu e il tuo amico Luigi state andando in centro quando Luigi impallidisce, si porta una mano al petto e, prima che tu riesca ad afferrarlo, si accascia a terra. Gridi in cerca di aiuto, cerchi il tuo cellulare e chiami il 118. • 10 minuti dopo arriva l’ambulanza, alcuni soccorritori accerchiano Luigi, cominciano le manovre di rianimazione cardiopolmonare. Lo caricano in ambulanza e partono. • Quando arrivi in ospedale i medici ti dicono che non c’è stato nulla da fare. Il tuo amico era già morto quando è arrivato in pronto soccorso. 2

  4. Catena della Sopravvivenza • “The actions linking the victim of sudden cardiac arrest with survival are called the Chain of Survival”Jerry P. Nolan, Jasmeet Soarb, David A. Zidemanc et al. Resuscitation, 2010, “European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010” • La catena della sopravvivenza è una concatenazione tanto ideologica quanto reale di eventi che -se ritardati od omessi- aumentano drasticamente la mortalità post ArrestoCardioCircolatorio (ACC). 3

  5. Riconoscimento precoce e chiamata d’aiuto • Rianimazione cardiopolmonare precoce • Defibrillazione precoce • Trattamento intensivo post rianimazione. 4

  6. Riconoscimento precoce e chiamata d’aiuto • Recognizing cardiac chest pain is particularly important, since the probability of cardiac arrest occurring as a consequence of acute myocar- dial ischaemia is at least 21–33% in the first hour after onset of symptoms.16,17 Muller D, Agrawal R, Arntz HR. How sudden is sudden cardiac death? Circulation 2006;114:1146–50. • When a call to the ambulance service is made before a victim collapses, arrival of the ambulance is significantly sooner after collapse and survival tends to be higher 18Lowel H, Lewis M, Hormann A. Prognostic significance of prehospital phase inacute myocardial infarct. Results of the Augsburg Myocardial Infarct Registry,1985–1988. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1991;116:729–33.Waalewijn RA, Tijssen JG, Koster RW. Bystander initiated actions in out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: results from the Amsterdam Resuscitation Study (ARREST). Resuscitation 2001;50:273–9. 5

  7. Rianimazione cardiopolmonare precoce • Immediate CPR can double or triple survival from VF OHCA.ValenzuelaTD,RoeDJ,CretinS,SpaiteDW,LarsenMP.Estimatingeffectiveness of cardiac arrest interventions: a logistic regression survival model. Circulation 1997;96:3308–13.Holmberg M, Holmberg S, Herlitz J. Factors modifying the effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Sweden. Eur Heart J 2001;22:511–9.Holmberg M, Holmberg S, Herlitz J, Gardelov B. Survival after cardiac arrest outside hospital in Sweden. Swedish Cardiac Arrest Registry. Resuscitation 1998;36:29–36.Waalewijn RA, Tijssen JG, Koster RW. Bystander initiated actions in out- of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: results from the Amsterdam Resuscitation Study (ARREST). Resuscitation 2001;50:273–9. • When a caller has not been trained in CPR, the ambulance dispatcher should strongly encourage him to give chest compression-only CPR while awaiting the arrival of professional help.Rea TD, Eisenberg MS, Culley LL, Becker L. Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival in cardiac arrest. Circulation2001;104:2513–6.Kuisma M, Boyd J, Vayrynen T, Repo J, Nousila-Wiik M, Holmstrom P. Emergency call processing and survival from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 2005;67:89–93.Rea TD, Fahrenbruch C, Culley L, et al. CPR with chest compresssions alone or with rescue breathing. N Engl J Med 2010;363:423–33.Svensson L, Bohm K, Castren M, et al. Compression-only CPR or standard CPRin out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2010;363:434–42. 6

  8. Defibrillazione Precoce • Early defibrillation: CPR plus defibrillation within 3–5 min of collapse can produce survival rates as high as 49–75%.WeaverWD,HillD,FahrenbruchCE,etal.Useoftheautomaticexternaldefib- rillator in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med1988;319:661–6.AubleTE,MenegazziJJ,ParisPM.Effectofout-of-hospital defibrillation by basic life support providers on cardiac arrest mortality: a metaanalysis. Ann Emerg Med 1995;25:642–58.Stiell IG, Wells GA, Field BJ, et al. Improved out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival through the inexpensive optimization of an existing defibrillation pro- gram: OPALS study phase II. Ontario prehospital advanced life support. JAMA 1999;281:1175–81.Stiell IG, Wells GA, DeMaio VJ, et al. Modifiable factors associated with improved cardiac arrest survival in a multicenter basic life sup- port/defibrillation system: OPALS Study Phase I results. Ontario prehospital advanced life support. Ann Emerg Med 1999;33:44–50.Caffrey S. Feasibility of public access to defibrillation. Curr Opin Crit Care 2002;8:195–8.33. O’Rourke MF, Donaldson E, Geddes JS. An airline cardiac arrest program. Cir- culation 1997;96:2849–53.Page RL, Hamdan MH, McKenas DK. Defibrillation aboard a commercial aircraft. Circulation 1998;97:1429–30.Valenzuela TD, Roe DJ, Nichol G, Clark LL, Spaite DW, Hardman RG. Outcomes of rapid defibrillation by security officers after cardiac arrest in casinos. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1206–9. • Each minute of delay before defibrillation reduces the probability of survival to discharge by 10–12%ValenzuelaTD,RoeDJ,CretinS,SpaiteDW,LarsenMP.Estimatingeffectiveness of cardiac arrest interventions: a logistic regression survival model. Circulation1997;96:3308–13.Waalewijn RA, de Vos R, Tijssen JG, Koster RW. Survival models for out-of- hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation from the perspectives of the bystander, the first responder, and the paramedic. Resuscitation 2001;51:113–22. 7

  9. Trattamento intensivo post rianimazione. • Is targeted at preserving function, particularly of the brain and heart • The quality of treatment during the post-resuscitation phase affects outcome. Therapeutic hypothermia is now an established therapy that greatly contributes to improved sur- vival with good neurological outcome. 8

  10. AHA 2010 guidelines • Minimizing interruption in chest compression • “Look, listen, and feel for breathing” has been removed from the algorithm. • Continued emphasis has been placed on high-quality CPR • Compression rate should be at least 100/min rather than “approximately” 100/min. • Compression depth for adults has been increased

  11. Scenario... • Sabato, ore 16 • Tu e il tuo amico Luigi state andando in centro quando Luigi impallidisce, si porta una mano al petto e, prima che tu riesca ad afferrarlo, si accascia a terra. Gridi in cerca di aiuto, cerchi il tuo cellulare e chiami il 118. • 10 minuti dopo arriva l’ambulanza, alcuni soccorritori accerchiano Luigi, cominciano le manovre di rianimazione cardiopolmonare. Applicano un AED ed erogano uno shock. Attendono in posto altri 5 minuti l’arrivo dell’equipe avanzata. Lo intubano, lo monitorizzano e continuando la rianimazione lo caricano in ambulanza e partono. • Quando arrivi in ospedale i medici ti dicono che Luigi è sopravvissuto. E’ in Terapia Intensiva, è critico ma ci sono buone speranze. 9

  12. Nel futuro... “We developed a cell phone web system, the Mobile AED Map, displaying nearby AEDs located anywhere. The simulation trial in the present study aims to compare the time and travel distance required to access an AED and retrieve it with and without the Mobile AED Map” 10 10

  13. Nel futuro... Identifying the underlying cause of cardiac arrest represents the one of the greatest challenges of managing patients with asystole or PEA and accurate determination has the potential to improve management by guiding therapeutic decisions. This paper reviews the current literature involving the use of ultrasound in resuscitation and proposes an algorithmic approach for the use of ultrasound during cardiac arrest. 11 11

  14. Nel futuro... In prolonged cardiac arrest with failing conventional measures, rescue by extracorporeal support provides an ultimate therapeutic option with a good outcome in survivors. ECMO per prolungare l’aspettativa di vita; ECMO per arrivare alla donazione d’organi. 12 12

  15. Nel futuro... Assisted circulation might extend the presently accepted duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adult inhospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation patients. 13 13

  16. Un nuovo modo per gestire le emergenze 14

  17. Un nuovo modo… • Viene istituito un database, su base volontaria, di personale addestrato. Questo database comprenderebbe medici e rianimatori, ma anche chiunque sia stato formato con percorsi codificati a rispondere ad una emergenza. • Un sistema informatico individuerebbe il volontario del database più vicino alla zona del soccorso. 16

  18. Un modo più veloce • Alla ricezione della chiamata uno degli operatori non in servizio , selezionato per preparazione e vicinanza viene invitato a collaborare su base volontaria con il sistema d’emergenza. • L’operatore a questo punto si aggiunge alle risorse a disposizione del sistema e comincia a gestire l’emergenza in accordo con il livello della sua preparazione, avendo la possibilità di coordinarsi con I sistemi di soccorso extraospedalieri fino all’ammissione in ospedale. 17

  19. Scenario... • Sabato, ore 16 • Tu e il tuo amico Luigi state andando in centro quando Luigi impallidisce, si porta una mano al petto e, prima che tu riesca ad afferrarlo, si accascia a terra. Gridi in cerca di aiuto, cerchi il tuo cellulare e chiami il 118. • 1 minuto dopo un uomo accorre correndo dicendo che è un medico. Inizia la rianimazione cardiopolmonare su Luigi. Quando arrivano i soccorritori questi si confrontano con lui, decidono di applicare un AED ed erogano uno shock. Lo intubano, lo monitorizzano e continuando la rianimazione lo caricano in ambulanza e partono. • Quando arrivi in ospedale i medici ti dicono che Luigi è vivo e sta bene. Per fortuna c’era qualcuno che è accorso così velocemente. 18

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