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Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Italy

Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Italy. Research perspectives, theoretical background and available evidence. An increasing role at local level (Chiesi & Zucchetti 2003, Fieri 2008). Self-employment rate in aboriginals and immigrants (EU Labour Force Survey 1998).

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Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Italy

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  1. Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Italy Research perspectives, theoretical background and available evidence

  2. An increasing role at local level(Chiesi & Zucchetti 2003, Fieri 2008)

  3. Self-employment rate in aboriginals and immigrants (EU Labour Force Survey 1998)

  4. Three forms of capital used in entrepreneurial activity • Economic Capital (investments and facilities): • Human Capital (know how); • Social Capital (embeddedness in a network of interpersonal realtions based on mutual trust).

  5. Some useful definitions: • Ethnic entrepreneur: an employer belonging to an ethnic minority. • Ethnic economy: an homogeneous ethnic or immigrant group of employees, self-employed and employers. • Ethnic enclave: a locational clustering of firms, economic interdependency, co-ethnic employees, and ethnic or minority consumers

  6. Nationalities dueling in a district of Chicago, around 1930

  7. Ethnic minorities at the origin of capitalism • Jews in credit and finance since the Middle-age (Sombart); • Pariah in Indian traditional economy (Weber); • Moriscos, the Muslim minority in Spain after the reconquista of the Christian kingdoms.

  8. Factors of ethnic entrepreneurship • Middleman minorities (eg. Indians in African British colonies); • Lack of opportunities in the labour market (when earnings are lower than salaries); • Vacancy chain (when low profit activities are abandoned by aboriginals); • Combination of demand and supply side factors.

  9. The theory of mixed embeddedness(Kloosterman & Rath, 2001) • Demand side: openness of destination countries (institutions and type of welfare), openness of market (vacant sectors, opportunities of economic cycle, availability of ethnic enclave opportunities), relations with the labour market (careers: employees-selfemployed-entrepreneurs). • Supply side: social capital endowment (strong ties of co-ethnic community or weak ties of external networks), human capital (socialization, training, aspirations and propensity to risk), access to economic capital (role of the family).

  10. The combined approach of demand and supply sides shows that: “culture” is not the main factor to explain ethnic entrepreneurship, as behind this “label” three forms of capital are important.

  11. Analysis of hazard ratios by sector and ethnicity

  12. Un approfondimento sugli imprenditori cinesi (abbigliamento) a Milano • Fase di forte ristrutturazione del settore (da makers a traders). • Mantenimento dei legami familiari ed economici con la comunità di provenienza. • Relazioni chiuse, forte integrazione interna, (ethnic economy, bonding social capital), utilizzo di intermediari • Gerarchizzazione della comunità basata sul successo economico e sulla fase di immigrazione • Separazione e isolamento dalla società autoctona • Ruolo femminile nell’imprenditorialità

  13. Un approfondimento sugli imprenditori egiziani (edilizia) a Milano • Immigrazione di vecchia data. • Mercato rappresentato esclusivamente da clientela autoctona. • Strategie individualistiche di inserimento nel mercato, mediante emancipazione dalla condizione dipendente in ditte autoctone. • Scarsi legami con connazionali (bridging social capital). • Ruolo esclusivamente maschile nell’imprenditorialità e casi ricorrenti di matrimoni con donne autoctone.

  14. Specificità dell’imprenditorialità etnica in Trentino, circa 2003 • Immigrazione più recente e più dinamica, alimentata dal benessere locale e dal bisogno di manodopera • Presenza di gruppi etnici molto diversi da quelli in provincia di Milano • Settori importanti: edilizia, trasporti, meccanica • Imprese molto miste, non etnicamente omogenee • Casi di imprenditori stranieri che occupano manodopera autoctona • Il caso emblematico di Berisha (self made man nel settore dei trasporti)

  15. Progetto Prin 07 Partecipanti: Università di Milano, Pavia, Catania, INPS, Cnel. • File ecologico provinciale allo scopo di analizzare i fattori dello sviluppo locale della piccola imprenditorialità etnica. • Approfondimenti su aree con interviste sociometriche, appoggiate dalle locali associazioni di piccola impresa. • Identificazione e studio di imprese transnazionali e delle loro strategie di successo. • Identificazione e studio dell’associazionismo degli imprenditori immigrati.

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