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Entry At all stages of their development people was closely linked to the surrounding world. But since there high industry society, a dangerous human interference in nature has increased dramatically widened the scope of this intervention, it has become richer and now threatens to become a global threat to mankind. The charge of renewable raw materials increases, more and more arable land is out of the economy, so they built cities and factories. The man had to intervene more and more in the economy biosphere – the part of our world, in which there is life. Biosphere Earth is undergoing incremental human impacts. Its possible to allocate some of the most significant processes, all of which did not improve the ecological situation in the world. The most extensive and significant chemical pollution is alien to the nature of the chemical substances. Among them – gaseous and aerosol pollutants industrial and domestic origin. Progression and the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Further development of this process will intensify unwanted upward trend in mean annual temperature on the planet. It is a matter of concern to environmentalists and the continued pollution of the oceans oil and oil products, recently reached the 1/5 of its total surface. Oil pollution of such size could cause significant violations gas and water exchange between the atmosphere and hydrosphere. There is no doubt the importance of chemistry and soil contamination by pesticides and increased acidity, leading to the disintegration of the ecosystem. In general, all factors considered, which can be attributed to polluting effects, have an appreciable effect on the processes occurring in the biosphere.
Chemical pollution of the biosphere. Mankind pollutes the atmosphere already millennia, but the consequences of the use of fire, they have enjoyed period were negligible. We have to a accept the fact that smoke hampered breathing, and that the black soot feel cover. On the ceiling and walls of the home. Heat was obtained for the person is more important than clean air and unfinished walls of the cave. This is a primary air pollution problem is not represented, because when people lived in small groups, occupying unlimited extensive pristine natural environment. And even a large concentration of people in the relatively small area, as it was in classical antiquity, have not been accompanied by serious consequences. That was until the beginning of the nineteenth century. Only in the last hundred years of industry “bestowed upon” us such production processes, the effects of which first people could not even imagine. Having city-millionaires, the growth which couldn’t be stopped. All of this is the result of great inventions and the conquests rights. Basically, there are three major sources of atmosphere pollution: industry, household boilers, transport. The main source of pollution on the planet fire is thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical plants, boilers installed, consuming more than 70% of annual production of solid and liquid fuels.
The main harmful impurities fire origin are: • Carbon monoxide. • b) Sulfur trioxide. • c) Sulfurous anhydride. • d) Hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide. • e) Oxide nitrogen. • f) The compounds of fluorine. • g) The compounds of chlorine.
Carbonmonoxide The result of incomplete combustion of carbonaceous substances. As it enters the air from the burning of solid waste, with the exhaust and industrial emissions. Every year, the gas enters the atmosphere at least 1250 tons Carbon monoxide is a compound reacts with the active components of the atmosphere and contributes to the temperature of the planet, and creating the greenhouse effect. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. There are 2 covalent bonds and a dative covalent bond between the oxygen and carbon atom which comes from the oxygen. Carbon monoxide is produced from the partial combustion of carbon-containing compounds, notably in internal-combustion engines. Carbon monoxide forms in preference to the more usual carbon dioxide when there is a reduced availability of oxygen present during the combustion process. Carbon monoxide has significant fuel value, burning in air with a characteristic blue flame, producing carbon dioxide. Despite its serious toxicity, CO plays a highly useful role in modern technology, being a precursor to a myriad of products.
Carbon monoxide is used in modified atmosphere packaging systems in the US, mainly with fresh meat products such as beef and pork. The CO combines with myoglobin to form carboxymyoglobin, a bright cherry red pigment. Carboxymyoglobin is more stable than the oxygenated form of myoglobin, oxymyoglobin, which can become oxidized to the brown pigment, metmyoglobin. This stable red colour can persist much longer than in normally packaged meat, giving the appearance of freshness.Typical levels of CO used are 0.4% to 0.5%. One reaction in the body produces CO. Carbon monoxide is produced naturally as a breakdown of heme (which is one of hemoglobin moieties), a substrate for the enzyme heme oxygenase. The enzymatic reaction results in breakdown of heme to CO, biliverdin and Fe3+ radical. The endogenously produced CO may have important physiological roles in the body (eg as a neurotransmitter or a blood vessels relaxant). In addition CO regulates inflammatory reactions in a manner that prevents the development of several diseases such atherosclerosis or severe malaria. Carbon monoxide was first prepared by the Frenchchemist de Lassone in 1776 by heating zinc oxide with coke. He mistakenly concluded that the gaseous product was hydrogen as it burned with a blue flame. The gas was identified as a compound containing carbon and oxygen by the English chemist William Cumberland Cruikshank in the year 1800.
Sulfur trioxide There were in the process of combustion sulfur fuel or processing of ores (up to 170 million tons per year). Part of sulfur allocated during combustion of organic residues in the mining heaps. Only in the United States the total number released sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere stood at 65% of the global emissions. Sulfur trioxide (also spelled sulfur trioxide) is the chemical compound with the formula SO3. In the gaseous form, this species is an important pollutant, being the primary agent in acid rain. It is prepared on massive scale as a precursor to sulfuric acid. Gaseous SO3 is a trigonal planar molecule of D3h symmetry, as predicted by VSEPR theory. In terms of electron-counting formalisms, the sulfur atom has an oxidation state of +6, a formal charge of 0, and is surrounded by 6 electron pairs. From the perspective of molecular orbital theory, most of these electron pairs are non-bonding in character, as is typical for hypervalent molecules.
Sulfurous anhydride Formed when sulfur dioxide oxidation. The end product of the reaction is an aerosol or a solution of sulfuric acid in rain water which acidifies soil, the disease aggravates human respiratory tract. Sulfuric acid aerosol fallout from the smoke plumes chemical states with low clouds and high humidity. Leaf plates plants that grow at a distance of less than 11 km. from such companies tend to be heavily littered with small necrotic spots formed in the ground subsidence droplets of sulfuric acid. Pyrometallurgical enterprise color and steel, as well as thermal power plants emit into the atmosphere each year, tens of millions of tons of sulfuric anhydride.
Hydrogen sulfide Carbon disulfide There are in the atmosphere separately or together with other sulphur compounds. The main sources of emissions are companies manufacturing artificial fiber, sugar, coke, oil, as well as oil fields. In the atmosphere by the interaction with other pollutants are subjected to a slow oxidation of sulfuric anhydride. Carbon disulfide is a colorless, volatileliquid with the formula CS2. The compound is used frequently as a building block in organic chemistry as well as an industrial and chemical non-polar solvent. It has an "ether-like" odor, but commercial samples are typically contaminated with foul-smelling impurities. It often results from the bacterial break down of organic matter in the absence of oxygen, such as in swamps and sewers (anaerobic digestion). It also occurs in volcanic gases, natural gas and some well waters. The odor of H2S is commonly misattributed to elemental sulfur, which is in fact odorless. Hydrogen sulfide has numerous names, some of which are archaic
Oxide nitrogen • The main sources of emissions are companies that produce nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, Aniline dyes, nitro, viscose silk, celluloid. Number oxides nitrogen entering the atmosphere at 20 million tons a year. • The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds: • Nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen(II) oxide • Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen(IV) oxide • Nitrous oxide (N2O) • Dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3), nitrogen(II, IV) oxide • Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4), nitrogen(IV) oxide • Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitrogen(V) oxide • Chemical reactions that produce nitrogen oxides often produce several, the proportions depending on the specific reaction and conditions. This is one reason why secondary production of N2O is undesirable; the other two stable oxides — which are extremely toxic — are liable to be produced.
The compounds of fluorine The sources of pollution are the production of aluminum, enamel, glass, ceramic, steel, phosphate fertilizers. Fluoro substances in the atmosphere comes in the form of gaseous compounds - hydrogen fluoride and sodium fluoride dust and calcium. The compounds are toxic effect. Derivatives are powerful insecticide fluoride. Fluorine (pronounced /ˈflʊəriːn/, Latin: fluere, meaning "to flow"), is the chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. Atomic fluorine is univalent and is the most chemically reactive and electronegative of all the elements. In its elementally isolated (pure) form, fluorine is a poisonous, pale, yellowish brown gas, with chemical formula F2. Like other halogens, molecular fluorine is highly dangerous; it causes severe chemical burns on contact with skin. Fluorine's large electronegativity and small atomic radius gives it interesting bonding characteristics, particularly in conjunction with carbon, with which it forms stable compounds with a wide range of industrial applications. See covalent radius of fluorine, fluorocarbon, Perfluorocarbon, and fluoropolymer.
The compounds of chlorine There are in the atmosphere from chemical plants producing hydrochloric acid, chlorine pesticides, organic dyes, hydrolysis alcohol, bleach, soda. In an atmosphere found as an impurity molecules of chlorine and hydrochloric acid vapors. Toxicity determined by the form of chlorine compounds and their concentration. In the metallurgical industry in the smelting of iron and the processing of its steel, releases to the atmosphere of various heavy metals and poisonous gases. Thus, per 1 tons of pig iron except allocated 12.7 kg. sulfur dioxide and 14.5 kg of dust particles that determine the amount of arsenic compounds, phosphorus, antimony, lead, mercury vapour and rare metals, gum substances and hydrogen cyanide.
Aerosol Aerosols, also known as particulates, are airborne particles that absorb, scatter, and reflect radiation back into space. Clouds, windblown dust, and particles that can be traced to erupting volcanoes are examples of natural aerosols. Human activities, including the burning of fossil fuels and slash-and-burn farming techniques used to clear forestland, contribute additional aerosols to the atmosphere. Although aerosols are not considered a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, they do affect the transfer of heat energy radiated from the Earth to space. The effect of aerosols on climate change is still debated, but scientists believe that light-colored aerosols cool the Earth’s surface, while dark aerosols like soot actually warm the atmosphere. The increase in global temperature in the last century is lower than many scientists predicted when only taking into account increasing levels of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated compounds. Some scientists believe that aerosol cooling may be the cause of this unexpectedly reduced warming. However, scientists do not expect that aerosols will ever play a significant role in offsetting global warming. As pollutants, aerosols typically pose a health threat, and the manufacturing or agricultural processes that produce them are subject to air-pollution control efforts. As a result, scientists do not expect aerosols to increase as fast as other greenhouse gases in the 21st century.
Aerosol pollution of the atmosphere. Aerosols - it is solid or liquid particles that are suspended in the air. Solid components of aerosols in some cases, especially dangerous for organisms, and the people are of specific diseases. In an aerosol pollution perceived as smoke, fog, haze or Haze. Much of aerosols in the atmosphere formed by the interaction of solid and liquid particles among themselves or with steam. The average size of aerosol particles of 1-5 microns. In the Earth's atmosphere annually about 1 cubic km dust particles artificial origin. A large quantity of dust particles formed in the course of production activities of people. Details of some of the sources of technogenic dust are as follows:
Photochemical fog (smog). Photochemical fog is a multi-gas mixture of aerosol particles and primary and secondary origin. The composition of the main components of smog include ozone, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, many organic compounds peroxide nature, collectively called oxidants. Photochemical able arises as a result of photochemical reactions in certain circumstances: there is a high concentration in the atmosphere of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and other pollutants, intense solar radiation and not weathering or very poor air exchange in the surface layer, with strong and for a period of not less than a day increased inversion. Steadfast calm weather, usually accompanied by inversion is needed for the creation of a high concentration of reactive substances. Such conditions often created in June and September and less frequently in winter. In fine weather a prolonged solar radiation causes splitting molecules to form nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxide atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen with molecular oxygen gives ozone. It would seem the last oxide nitric oxide should returning in molecular oxygen, and nitrogen oxide - in dioxide. But this is not happening. Nitric oxide comes in response to the volume of exhaust gases, which are split with regard to the dual form, and fragments of molecules and excess ozone.
As a result following dissociation new mass split nitrogen dioxide and give additional quantities of ozone. There is a cyclical reaction, which ultimately accumulates in the atmosphere ozone. The process stops at night. In turn, ozone reacts with the volume. In an atmosphere of concentrated various peroxide, which in the amount and form characteristic of photochemical fog cancer. The latter are the source of so-called free radicals that differed ability special reactivity. Such manage - frequent phenomenon over London, Paris, Los Angeles, New York and other cities in Europe and America. According to its physiological effects on the human organism are extremely dangerous to the respiratory and circulatory system and often cause premature death of urban residents with impaired health. The problem of controlling the emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere by industry (MPC). Priority in the development of maximum permissible concentrations in the air has USSR. MPC - such concentration, which, at the individual and his offspring direct or indirect effects do not affect their efficiency, self, as well as health and living conditions of people's lives. The synthesis of all information on the MPC received by all agencies, conducted in GGO (Home Geophysical Observatory. On the results of observations to determine the air, the measured concentrations compared to the maximum permissible concentration of a case and determine the number of cases in which exceeded the maximum permissible concentration, as well as how much Most times the value was higher MPC.
Water pollution Any pond or water source connected to the external environment surrounding it. It influenced the formation conditions of the surface or underground water runoff, a variety of natural phenomena, industry, industrial and public utility construction, transportation, economic and domestic human activities. The effect of these influences is the introduction of new water, it alien substances - pollutants degrade water quality. Pollution coming into the aquatic environment, classified differently, depending on the approaches, criteria and objectives. Thus, typically emit chemical, physical and biological contamination. Chemical pollution is a modification of the chemical properties of natural water by increasing the content of harmful impurities in it as inorganic (mineral salts, acids, alkalis, clay particles), and organic nature (petroleum and petroleum products, organic debris surface-active substances, pesticides). Inorganic pollution. The basic inorganic (mineral) pollutants fresh and marine waters are a variety of chemical compounds, toxic to aquatic inhabitants. This arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, fluoride. Most of them fall into the water as a result of human activity. Heavy metals are absorbed by phytoplankton and then passed on the food chain more highly organisms.
A toxic effect of some of the most common pollutants hydrosphere presented in the table below: The degree of toxicity (note): -- - missing + - very weak + + - Weak + + + - strong + + + + - very strong
A considerable amount of organic matter, the majority of which are not inherent in natural waters discharged into the river along with industrial and household sewage. Increasing water pollution and runoff in all industrial countries. Information on the content of organic matter in some industrial effluents provided below:
The problem of pollution of the world's oceans Petroleum and petroleum products. Oil is a viscous oily liquid with a dark brown color and possessing weak fluorescence. Oil is composed mainly of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons and hydro aromatic. The main components of oil - hydrocarbons (98%) - divided into 4 classes: a) Paraffin (alkeny) - (90% of total) - resistant substances, molecules that reflect direct and branched-chain carbon atoms. Light paraffins have maximum volatility and solubility in water. b) cyclicparaffin - (30 - 60% of the total) - saturated cyclic compounds with 5-6 carbon atoms in the ring. Besides phosphapalladacycle and cyclohexane in the oil found cycle and half cyclic compounds of this group. These compounds are stable and resist bio expansions.
c) Aromatic hydrocarbons - (20 - 40% of the total) - unsaturated cyclic number of benzene compounds containing in the ring at 6 carbon atoms less than circle paraffin . In the present volatile oil compounds with single molecules in the form of rings (benzene, toluene, xylem), then becyclic (naphthalene), polycyclic. g) Olefins (alkeny) - (10% of total) – discyclic unsaturated compounds with one or two hydrogen atoms, each atom of carbon in the molecule having a direct or branched chain. Petroleum and petroleum products are the most common pollutants in the oceans. By the early 80 - s the ocean annually received about 6 million tons oil, which stood at 0.23% of the world production. The biggest losses related to its oil transport from the areas of production. Emergency situations plums overboard tankers washing and ballast water - all this leads to the permanent presence of contamination in the fields of maritime routes. In the period 1962-79 for years as a result of accidents in the marine environment has received some 2 million tons of oil. Over the past 30 years, beginning in 1964, procuring about 2000 wells in the oceans, of which only 1000 in the North Sea and 350 industrial wells equipped. Because of minor leaks lost 0.1 million tons annually oil. Large masses of oil into the sea come on the rivers, with household sewage and storm water. The amount of pollution from this source is 2.0 million tons per year. So runoff industry gets 0.5 million tons annually oil
When the marine environment, oil initially spreads in the form of film, forming layers of different capacities. For colour film thickness can be determined:
Oil film alters the composition of the spectrum and intensity of light penetration into the water. Light crude oil thin films of 1-10% (280 nm), 60-70% (400 nm). Film thickness of 30-40 microns fully absorbs infrared radiation. Used with water-oil emulsion forms of two types: direct - "oil in the water" - and reverse - "water in the oil." Direct emulsions prepared viruses oil diameter up to 0.5 micrometers, and is characterized by less resistant to oils containing surfactants. When removing volatility, viscous oil inverse emulsion form, which can be preserved on the surface, be transported over, discharged ashore and sink to the bottom.
Thermal pollution Thermal pollution of surface waters and coastal waters are a result of the dumping of waste hot water power plants and certain industrial output. Discharge of hot water, in many cases, leads to increase in temperature of water in reservoirs to 6-8 degrees Celsius. Surface water hot spots in the coastal areas can be as high as 30 sq.km. A more steady temperature stratification prevents water change surface and bottom layers. Solubility decreases oxygen, and its consumption is increasing as temperature increasing with the growth of aerobic bacteria activity, organic matter decomposes. Growing diversity of phytoplankton and the whole algal flora. By synthesizing the material can be concluded that the effects of human impacts on the aquatic environment, individually and manifest populated-zonal levels, and long-term effect of pollutants leads to easier of the ecosystem.
Pesticides as a polluting factor Opening pesticides - protecting chemical plants and animals of various pests and diseases - one of the greatest achievements of modern science. Today in the world on 1 hectare. sprayed 300 kg. chemical means. However, following a lengthy use of pesticides in agriculture daily medicine (vector control disease) is declining almost everywhere because of the effectiveness of the development of resistant pests races and the spread of "new" harmful organisms, natural enemies and rivals who were killed by pesticides. However, the effect of pesticides has become manifest on a global scale. Of the enormous quantity of harmful insects are only 0.3% or 5 thousand species. U 250 - ty species found resistance to pesticides. This is compounded by the phenomenon of cross-resistance, which is that the increased resistance to one drug of action is accompanied by resistance to other classes of compounds. Wish total biological positions resistance can be seen as a shift of populations as a result of the transition to sustainable strain sensitive strain of the same type as a result of selection, caused by pesticides. This phenomenon is related to genetic, physiological and biochemical reconstructions organisms. Excessive use of pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, defoliants) adversely affects the quality of the soil. In connection with this intensively studied the fate of pesticides in soils and the ability and opportunity to clear their chemical and biological methods. It is very important to create and apply only to products with low life expectancy is measured in weeks or months. In this regard has already achieved some success, and preparations are being introduced at a high rate of destruction, but the whole problem has not been resolved.
Conclusion Nature - the challenge of this century, the problem that has become social. Again and again we hear about the danger to the environment, but until now many of us consider them unpleasant but inevitable product of civilization and think that we have to cope with all tracks emergency difficulties. However, man's impact on the environment has taken alarming proportions. To radically improve the situation, will need concerted and deliberate action. Responsible and effective policies on the environment will be possible only if we gain reliable data on the current status of the environment, co-founded knowledge of the major environmental factors that will develop if the new methods of reducing and preventing harm Nature of Humans. How said one of the “Oil and gas technologies” lesson, my friend and group mate Tkachev Viktor “What will we reserve to our children?”. This is really global problem of humanity. The more important moment belongs to our field, to petroleum industry. I think we must use more effectively and modern technologies in the time of mining. Or must make new technologies and find new ideas. And this must be one of the main aim of every geophysics and all challenges of our field. Maybe then our faces will be brighter compared to our future generation!
