Food Security: Sustainable Production and Distribution

1. Food Security:Sustainable Production and Distribution

2. Outline 01 Food security definition 02 Green Revolution 03 From Green Revolution to Gene Revolution

3. Food Security CansuKurban

4. What is Food Security? Definition: All people at all times have economic & physical access to adequate amounts of nutritious, safe and culturally appropriate foods, which are produced environmentally sustainable and socially just manner, and that people are able to make informed decisions about their food choices.

6. Availability • The availability of sufficient quantities of food of appropriate quality, supplied through domestic production or imports.

7. Access • Access by individuals to adequate resources (entitlements) for acquiring appropriate foods for a nutritious diet. Entitlements are defined as the set of all commodity bundles over which a person can establish command given the legal, political, economic and social arrangements of the community in which they live (including traditional rights such as access to common resources).

8. Stability • To be food secure, a population, household or individual must have access to adequate food at all times. They should not risk losing access to food as a consequence of sudden shocks (e.g. an economic or climatic crisis) or cyclical events (e.g. seasonal food insecurity). The concept of stability can therefore refer to both the availability and access dimensions of food security.

9. Utilization • Utilization of food through adequate diet, clean water, sanitation and health care to reach a state of nutritional well-being where all physiological needs are met. This brings out the importance of non-food inputs in food security.

10. Household Level • The concept of food security can be applied at a household level to hunger in developing countries, as well as to low income earners in otherwise rich countries - with different implications for policy.

12. National Level • A nation’s ability to meet domestic food demand. • Both domestic production and international trade contribute to national food security.

13. National Level - Turkey

14. Global Level • Production and distribution of sufficient food to meet fundamental nutritional requirements around the world.

15. Global Level

16. Global Level

17. Question • What should a nation/government do to provide food security?

18. Some answers… • Increase production • Improve financial access • Improve physical access • Provide income support • Population planning

19. Refrences • http://www.pedalandplow.com/2013/02/21/what-is-food-security/ • http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index/en/?iso3=TUR • http://www.natural-habitats.com/en/blog/food_security/ • http://www.thisissierraleone.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/food-security • http://www.desdemonadespair.net/2011/09/graph-of-day-global-food-security.html

20. GreenRevolution Ece Oğuzkan 13306

21. Definition; • Theprocess of increasingfoodproductionandimprovingitsqualitytosustainpopulationgrowthwithoutcompromisingenviromentalsafety.

22. AgriculturalEvolution • Mankind has engaged in agriculture for only 1% of his existence • Agriculture has been practiced for 10,000 years • Pregriculture hunter/gatherers • Subsistence agriculture 8500 years • Feudal agriculture 1000 years • Scientific agriculture last 400 years • Green Revolution last 30 years

24. Whatmadepeopletothinkan idea likeGreenRevolution? • More urban people • Population increasing rapidly • Food production not keeping pacewithpopulation

25. What Was theGreen Revolution? • Term coined by U.S. Agency for International Development director William Gaud (March 1968) • Movement to increase yields by using: • New crop cultivars • Irrigation • Fertilizers • Pesticides • Mechanization

26. What Was theGreen Revolution? • A planned international effort funded by: • Rockefeller Foundation • Ford Foundation • Many developing country governments • Purposed to eliminated hunger by improving crop performance • Important figure Norman Borlaug

27. Norman Earnest Borlaug(1914 -) • Considered father of Green Revolution • U.S. plant pathologist/plant breeder • Joined the Rockefeller Foundation in 1944 • Assigned to the international maize and wheat improvement center (CIMMYT) in Mexico • Won the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize

28. Why are we in the Aftermath? • Rapid increases in yield greatly diminishing • Population is still on the rise • Modern practices have • Caused many environmental problems • Increased the cost of production

29. Promise of Green Revolution • Eliminate hunger,More urban people • Population increasing rapidly • Food production not keeping pace • Increase global carrying capacity • Increase yields • Increase technological knowledge • Get the materials to rural farmers

30. Traditional Practices • Little fertilizer • Little irrigation • Subsistence farming • Conventional cultivars

31. Traditional Varieties • Little response to fertilizer • Increased vegetative growth • Results in lodging • Great variability in fields • Required long growing seasons • Some years yield adequate • Some years NOT

32. New High Yield Cultivars • Semi-dwarf rice and wheat • Uniform • Good response to fertilizer • Earlier maturing

33. Fertilizer • New varieties responded reproductively • Grain yields drastically increased • Mexico • 1950: 300,000 metric tons of wheat • 1970: 2,600,000 metric tons of wheat • Worldwide • 1950: 14 million tons of food • 1990: 144 million tons of food

34. New Irrigation Strategies • Tubewells and electric pumps • Minimize drought failures • Modern systems provided 5 times the water • More efficient

35. Extended Seasons and Land Use • Use of drought resistant strains • Multiple cropping • Two crops of wheat in many countries • Fertilizer plus irrigation • Crop growth in dry seasons & dry land • Production on previously nonarable land

36. Pesticides • Decreased crop loss by pests • Created easier mechanical harvest • Increased food quality

37. Mechanization • Ability to farm much larger acreages • Less field variability • Fewer people involved in production • Higher total output

38. Social Improvements • Food production increased over 1000% from 1960 to 1990 • Famine decreased 20% from 1960 to 1990 • Caloric consumption per capita increased 25% from 1960 to 1990 • Rise in incomes and standards of living

39. Post Green Revolution Problems • Many direct problems created • Variety and input accessibility • Production cost • Environmental issues • Distribution problems • Someproblemsarestillunsolved

40. Inaccessibility • Not every farmer has access to: • New varieties • Fertilizer • Equipment • Pesticides(tarım ilaçları) • Irrigation

41. Production Cost • Modern varieties require • Irrigation • Some cultivars are non-drought tolerant • Fertilizer • Poor growth without it • Pesticides • More susceptible to pests • Many farmers can’t afford these

42. Environmental Issues • Salinization by irrigation • Aquifers drying up • Top soil erosion • Soil nutrient depletion • Pesticide-resistant species

43. Distribution Problems • Transportation poor in many countries • Can’t get the inputs to the farm • Can’t get the crops off the farm • Storage problems • Food produced, but lost

44. Unsolved Problems • Growth rate of population still increasing • Growth rate of production slowing down • Not much more crop land • Losing crop land to urbanization • Famine still exists • Meat consumption increasing • Less efficient use (10%)

45. Green Revolution Success Story? • Increased food production 1000+% by: • Using new crop varieties, irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides and mechanization • Decreased famine 20% • Increased global carrying capacity

46. Green Revolution Success Story? • Did not eliminate famine • Population still increasing • Increased cost of production • An increased negative environmental impact • Didn’t work for everyone

48. Question? • Is GreenRevolution a successfulstory?

49. Answer • Is GreenRevolution a successfulstory? • Itdependswhichside youarelookingfrom.

50. References • http://world.edu/africas-farmers-chinese-green-revolution-narrative/ • http://mac.brothersoft.com/design-resources/green-revolution-brushes-37080.html • www.sciencemag.org • http://villamarina76.com/wp-admin/soil-erosion-pictures