Citing a web site

1. Citing a web site http://www.ancientgreece.com/s/Main_Page/ AncientGreece.com web site. 2008 University Press. 4 June 2009. http://www.ancientgreece.com/s/Art/ The in text citation could be (AncientGreece.com) or refer to the information within the text.

2. What is meant by the phrase “Age of Absolutism” ? A period of time in Europe (late 1500’s – mid 1700’s) when monarchs began to consolidate power, increase their wealth, build armies and make Europe the most powerful region in the world

3. Connection: Niccolo Machiavelli Wrote The Prince – an original and very influential look at how power can be gained and maintained Rulers should use fear and respect as tools Religion can be used as a way of unifying people Effective government was the key to civilization

4. “A prince never lacks legitimate reasons to break his promise.” “It is better to be feared than loved, if you cannot be both.” “It is necessary for him who lays out a state and arranges laws for it to presuppose that all men are evil and that they are always going to act according to the wickedness of their spirits whenever they have free scope.”

5. How can you be an Absolute Monarch? Act like the Spanish monarchs… 1. Bring in lots of tax money and keep it for the Monarch (colonies/mercantilism) Mercantilism: Economic policy prevailing in Europe during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, under which governmental control was exercised over industry and trade. Also, a nation’s wealth is based mainly in gold and silver. 2. Build up a strong army that is loyal to the monarch 3. Defeat any challengers to your power (the Church, other nobles) 4. Unite regions of your nation through marriage (Ferdinand and Isabella)

6. Absolutism in Spain Spain and the Hapsburgs – a huge and powerful empire ruled by a powerful family Ferdinand and Isabella • ruled 1474 - 1516 • Sponsored exploration and defeated Muslims who controlled part of Spain • Defeated feudal nobles • Expelled the Jews from Spain • Increased money raised by the crown

7. Uniting Spain

8. Emperor Charles V ruled 1516 – 1556 • Inherited lots of land but seen as a “foreigner” • Spent much of his rule • trying to protect that land • from other rulers and deal with rebellion • Success resulted from the conquest of • Mexico and other parts of the Americas • Left his throne to his son Phillip II

9. Phillip II of Spain (ruled 1556-1598) Centralized royal power and made Spain very powerful How? • Believed in “divine right”. What does that mean? • Fought wars against the Ottoman Empire (Lepanto) • Fought against Protestants in the Netherlands • Fought against the forces of Elizabeth I • Heavily taxed his subjects to finance his wars • Supported the arts and culture • - El Greco • - Cervantes (Don Quixote)

10. Europe during the age of Phillip II

11. Absolutism in England (1509-1603) • Henry VIII ruled from 1509 - 1547 - His first wife was the daughter of the Spanish King - Henry decided that he needed to leave his first wife in order to marry a woman who could provide him with a male heir. - Henry used his power to break from the Catholic Pope and marry Anne Boleyn, she would be the second of his six wives - Henry put down rebellions by using violent tactics

12. Henry VIII: a strong ruler, a dominant figure • Henry took lands that used to belong to the Catholic Church, and brought them under the control of the English monarchs. • wealth of the church brought under royal control

13. England under Elizabeth I • Ruled from 1558 – 1603 • Like her father Henry VIII, Elizabeth worked to unite England under her own rule. • The English navy became the strongest in Europe. Elizabeth encouraged the expansion of the British navy. • Elizabeth never married, and never gave up real control of policies to others. • Elizabeth increased the power of monarchs in England

14. The defeat of the Spanish Armada: 1588 Spanish Armada: fleet of 160 ships assembled and dispatched by King Philip II of Spain in an unsuccessful attempt to invade England in 1588. Why invade? • Religious conflicts • Battle over control of the Netherlands The defeat of the armada was one of the great achievements of Queen Elizabeth I of England and helped bring about the subsequent decline of the Spanish Empire.

16. Sir Francis Drake: the Dragon • A privateer and renowned and feared sea captain. • The English set fire to their own vessels (loaded with gunpowder) and drift them towards the Spanish ships

18. Document: The Speech of a Queen • Elizabeth tells her subjects “ I shall be His (God’s) instrument to to preserve you from envy…peril…and oppression.” • How did she view her relationship with her subjects?

19. England after the Tudors: challenges to royal power • James I (r. 1603 – 1625) came to power after Elizabeth. He believed in divine right. • He had many conflicts with Parliament over how much power he could exert without their permission. • The Virginia Company was a group of English nobles and merchants who were granted the right, by the King, to establish the first permanent European settlement in North America

20. England had a history of challenges to royal power… Timeline … 1215: Magna Carta • Limited power of the king to tax 1230-1300: development of Parliament, House of Lords, House of Commons • H.O.C gets the “power of the purse”

21. England continued… • Charles I ruled from 1625 – 1649 • Charles became involved in more battles over the power of the King vs. Parliament Parliament passes the Petition of Right 1629: • No taxation w/o the consent of Parliament • No quartering of troops w/o consent Does this sound familiar?

22. Charles I is eventually executed by the anti-royalists. This is a very big deal! • Oliv This leads to Civil War in England between the royalists (Cavaliers) and the anti-royalists led by Oliver Cromwell (Roundheads) • The New Model Army Charles decides that Parliament is more trouble than it is worth and sends them home in 1630.

23. Oliver’s Problems • Royalists • Catholics • Other Protestant reformers who did not think he did enough I. The Levellers • Separation of church and state • Religious tolerance • Shared communal property II. The Diggers 1. wanted to create a society without a class system 2. shared communal property

24. Oliver Cromwell-Good Guy or Bad Guy? • Had his army cruelly subdue Irish and Scottish opponents • Had the King beheaded • Brutally put down all opponents to his ideas and rule • Demanded that the king call Parliament more often • Wanted to allow non-nobles to achieve higher ranks in the army • Refused to be named King In your notes: do you think that Cromwell was, overall a great leader or a brutal semi-dictator? Explain.

25. Though he and his followers overthrew an absolute monarch, Cromwell became almost a dictator in his own right

26. Absolutism in France: while Parliament was able to check the growth of royal power in England, in France the monarchs and their advisors maintained strict control… Louis XIII 1610 - 1643 Henry IV 1553 - 1610 Richelieu Louis XIV

27. French King Henry IV (1590’s – 1610): “Paris is well worth a mass (Catholic religious service)” What does that mean? • United France after religious conflicts • Edict of Nantes: Protestants were not to be persecuted and could worship as they pleased • Built roads, bridges and organized the government • His most important legacy: a strong central government leads to prosperity

28. Cardinal Richelieu r.1624 - 1642 • Came to power during the rule of Louis XIII, a weak young king • During this period the “Estates General” was summoned for the last time for 175 years • Richelieu ruled for 18 years, strengthened the power of the central government • His goals were to make the royal power -- his power -- absolute and supreme at home, and to crush the rival European power of the Habsburgs in Spain. • Richelieu set the stage for the greatest of all absolute monarchs… Louis XIV: The Sun King “L’etat, cest moi” – I am the state

29. Louis XIV: ruled 1661-1715 • Saw political turmoil when he was young – vowed to rule with absolute authority • Had the one of the most luxurious courts in history • Had the palace at Versailles turned into one of the largest and most expensive buildings ever made • Never summoned the Estates General – the French lawmaking body

30. Versailles: the legacy of Louis XIV

33. A painting by El Greco

34. Absolutism in Russia Catherine the Great 1762- 1796 Peter the Great 1682 – 1725 “terrifying energy..ruthless determination”

35. Peter as a monarch… • Had a capital built – St. Petersburg a. thousands of peasant workers died in the construction of this capital b. brought in architects and artists from Italy, France and Germany to aid in the construction of the city

36. Peter and Westernization In 1697 and 1698 Peter took a secret trip through western Europe to observe the achievements of these nations. He decided to model much of his government, and his court on these European practices

37. Peter and Government He ignored the Duma, the traditional advisors to the Czar Created a complex bureaucracy that was organized into regions and departments all of which eventually answered to the Czar

38. Peter and Social Order Set up a rigid class system Peasants: • Had to pay a poll tax • Were conscripted into the military • Forced to work on projects like St. Petersburg • Serfs: lowest position in social class system

39. Peter and the Nobility The czar offered privilege and wealth in return for loyalty and service to the Boyars (Russian nobles) Peter and the Church • He saw the Orthodox church as a challenger to his power • took over the monestaries • used the church money for his government

40. Absolutism: Austria and Prussia

41. Religious divisions in Europe

42. The Thirty Years War: 1618 - 1648 In an area called Bohemia (part of the Holy Roman Empire) religious conflicts between Catholics and Calvinists (Protestants) were becoming more violent “The Defenestration of Prague” Two Catholic members of the Royal Council are thrown from a window by angry Calvinists

43. A Bloody Conflict: 1/3 the population of Germany died - The Holy Roman Empire was not very unified or centralized but… - The rulers of places like Spain and France became involved so that they could use the conflict to fight out their own battles. - Some, like the Spanish Hapsburg monarchs, supported the Catholics and some (the French) supported the Protestants despite the fact that France was an officially Catholic country.

44. The end of the Thirty Years War The Peace of Westphalia (1648) • The Holy Roman Empire was broken into a number of independent states • Spain, under the control of the Hapsburg rulers, was weakened • France is now the dominant power on the European continent, within twelve years Louis XIV, the sun king, is ruling France as an absolute monarch • Germany is divided into 360 separate states • The Hapsburgs focus on creating a strong united state in Austria

45. Monarchy in Austria Maria Theresa: was given the throne of Austria (the Hapsburg Empire) - many within the empire would not recognize that she was the ruler - she had to ask for outside help, from Hungary, to keep her throne - an eight year war was fought between the supporters of Maria Theresa and her rival Frederick II

46. Monarchy in Prussia Like in other parts of Europe monarchs began to consolidate power and weaken their rivals - In Prussia the Junkers were the nobles - The rulers of Prussia made it a military powerhouse “Prussia is not a state that has a military, but a military that has a state” - Frederick the Great: the guy who tried to take over Austria, was credited for making Prussia one of the most powerful of the European states

47. “God hath power to create or destroy, make or unmake, at his pleasure; to give life or send death; to judge…and to be judged (by) none…And the like power have kings;…”Which idea is described by this passage? A. theory of divine right B. heliocentric theory of the universe C. direct democracy D. constitutional monarchy Which absolute monarch is referred to in this document? • Henry VIII • Louis XIV • Phillip II • Elizabeth

48. ___________________ was the leader of the Roundheads in the English civil war. A. Charles I B. Parliament C. Henry VIII D. Oliver Cromwell Why did Peter the Great spend time in Western Europe? a. to prepare for war b. to avoid his duties in Russia c. to study Western technology d,. to find a wife

49. Peter the Great and Catherine the Great changed Russia by A. abolishing all social class systems B. becoming constitutional monarchs C. preventing wars with neighboring nations D. introducing Western ideas and customs French styles of art, fashion and customs became the standard for Europe based on the reign of a. Henry IV b. Louis XIV c. Louis XIII d. Louis XV