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Ascent of Evolutionism

Darwinism / Neo-Darwinism. DarwinismDescent with modificationEvolution by natural selectionNeo-DarwinismHeld true to Darwin's original view of natural selection on inborn variations rather than on acquired characteristics. The X Club. Thomas Huxley - biologist; professor of natural history a

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Ascent of Evolutionism

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    1. Ascent of Evolutionism Chapter 5

    2. Darwinism / Neo-Darwinism Darwinism Descent with modification Evolution by natural selection Neo-Darwinism Held true to Darwin's original view of natural selection on inborn variations rather than on acquired characteristics

    3. The X Club Thomas Huxley - biologist; professor of natural history at the Government School of Mines in London. Joseph Dalton Hooker - botanist, named director of Kew Gardens in 1865. Thomas Hirst, mathematician; professor of mathematics at University College London. Edward Frankland - chemist; professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution. John Tyndall - natural philosopher; professor of philosophy at the Royal Institution George Busk - zoologist; former surgeon in the British Navy. Sir John Lubbock - banker and archaeologist; Herbert Spencer - philosopher; editor William Spottiswoode - mathematician and physicist; the Queen's printers.

    4. The X Club Goals Change the examination procedure in natural history, botany, zoology and medicine Remove religion from exams Promote serious research in natural history Promote Darwinism Spread liberal opinions

    5. The X Club Achievements Memberships Linnaean society Royal Society Athenaeum Club British Association for the Advancement of Science As Examiners modified exams for the Army, Navy and University of London Founded Nature in 1869 Fought with the Ethnological Society against slavery Lobbied for Darwin to receive the Copley Medal

    6. Haeckel 1834-1919 Darwins bulldog in Germany PhD in Medicine He has completely satisfied his teachers of his moral fitness and in no small degree has won for himself their loveHe has good understanding of Christianity and a warm appreciation of it. PhD in Zoology Studied comparative anatomy, psychology, philosophy, marine invertebrate anatomist, botanist, artist

    7. Tree of Life

    8. Pithecanthropus (Apeman)

    9. Haeckel Recapitulation ontogenesis is a brief and rapid recapitulation of phylogenesis, determined by the physiological functions of heredity (generation) and adaptation (maintenance). "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"

    10. Haeckels embryo sketches

    11. Haeckel Monism Unity of the spiritual and the material a Connecting-Link between Religion and Science. Applied natural laws to human society Championed a centralized state as he driving force for human progress through racial competition, group sacrifice and international war

    12. Interpretation and Social Implications of Darwinism Haeckel Nazi party used Haeckel's quotes and justifications for racism, nationalism and social Darwinism Wallace Pacifist Called for the redistribution of wealth and land Did not attribute humanity to natural selection Do current issues in science have such polarized social interpretations?

    13. Darwinism contested Not all traits develop via natural selection Natural selection is too slow to account for high diversity of organism for the age of the earth Infrequent, though beneficial, traits will be swamped out Not supported by discontinuities in fossil record

    14. Alternation Theories of Evolution Theistic evolution Neo-Lamarckism Orthogenesis Saltational

    15. Theistic Evolution Asa Gray - naturalist in the United States Fading among the scientific community in the late 19th century Still around todayhttp://www.theisticevolution.org The study of origins is a fascinating field. It attracts intelligent people. And these people will reject the existence of God if they feel restricted in their options: Creationism = Theism (7 day creation) Evolution = Atheism (existence is by chance) Insert the middle ground, and the choices are not so rigid. Theistic Evolution = Theism (theistic creation via evolution)

    16. Neo-Lamarckism Modifications acquired within and individuals life time can be inherited Modifications may be due to use or environment Pro allowed evolution to proceed more quickly Con- poorly tested experimentally

    17. Orthogenesis Spin off of Lamarckism Theodore Eimer, German zoologist Variation acquired is due to some fixed goal Evolution proceeds in a predetermined direction and not via selection Evidence for orthogenesis Not all traits are adaptive (Irish elk) Pro - allowed evolution to proceed more quickly Con- cannot be tested experimentally or documented

    18. Saltational / Mutation Evolution proceeds in jumps fed by heredity mutations Supported by discontinuity of fossil record Pro Evolution can proceed quickly Large variations less likely to be swamped out Documented cases Con mutations are rare Goldschmidts Hopeful Monster 1940

    19. Genetics in the distance Darwin Pangenesis Gemmules- molecules generated by each body part containing hereditary information for that body part Haeckel Evolution directed by matter within the nucleus Weismann- microscopist Viewed chromosomes and theorized that they contained germ plasm Each cell contained hereditary information of the entire body Tested experimentally with mice Wallace focused on variation of traits within populations versus individuals (first ideas of population genetics)

    20. References Articles Barton, R. 1998. Huxley, Lubbock, and Half a Dozen Others. Professionals and Gentlemen in the Formation of the X Club, 1851-1864. Isis 89:410-444. Bowler, P. 1979.Theodor Eimer and Orthogenesis: Evolution by Definitely Directed Variation. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 34:40-73 Dietrich, M. R. 2003. Richard Goldschmidt: hopeful monsters and other heresies. Nature Reviews Genetics 4:68-74. MacLeod, R. M. 1970. The X-Club a Social Network of Science in Late-Victorian England. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 24: 305-322. Richards, R. J. 2005. Ernst Haecekl and the Struggles over Evolution and Religion. Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology 10:89-115 Books The Riddle of the Universe by Ernst Haeckel Websites Haeckel http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/haeckel.html Weismann http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/lefa/Weismann.html Theistic Evolution http://www.theisticevolution.org/

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