Chapter 20: Northern Eurasia, 1500-1800

1. Chapter 20: Northern Eurasia, 1500-1800

2. Japanese Reunification • Civil War and the Invasion of Korea, • The Tokugawa Shogunate, to 1800 • Japan and the Europeans • Elite Decline and Social Crisis

3. The Later Ming and Early Qing Empires • The Ming Empire, 1500–1644 • Ming Collapse and the Rise of the Qing • Trading Companies and Missionaries • Emperor Kangxi • Chinese Influences on Europe • Tea and Diplomacy • Population and Social Stress

4. The Russian Empire • The Drive Across Northern Asia • Russian Society and Politics to 1725 • Peter the Great • Consolidation of the Empire

5. Japan early years • Japan has a history that dates back thousands of years. Scientists believe the Japanese people descended from many groups that migrated to the islands from other parts of Asia, including China and Korea. As early as 4500 B.C., the Japanese islands were inhabited by fishermen, hunters and farmers. The early culture was known as "Jomon," which meant "cord pattern."

6. Japan • Civil War & the invasion of Korea (1500-1603) • Daimyo? • Warlords who had their own town, a small bureaucracy and army. • Samurai? • members of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan who were in service to the Daimyo • Japan – attacked Korea • - Hoping to conquer Korea and China • - Turtle boats • - Weakened Korea and strengthened • Manchus Tokugawa Shogunate (to 1800) - Strong more centralized government

7. The Samurai rose out of the continuing battles for land among three main clans. The Samurai eventually became a class unto themselves between the 9th and 12th centuries A.D. They were called by two names: Samurai (knights-retainers) and Bushi (warriors). They gave complete loyalty to their Daimyo (feudal landowners) and received land and position in return. Each Daimyo used his Samurai to protect his land • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZl2M8BLERs

8. Japan and the Europeans Jesuits arrive late 1500s Limited success in converting Rural rebellion (1630s) was blamed on Christians Tokugawas (family that held the shogunate and controlled Japan from 1603 to 1867) ban Christianity, and close Japan to Europeans Even placed restrictions on # of Chinese traders

9. Elite decline & social crisis • Rice economy – transformation from military to civil society • - - Samurai hurting financially – living on credit • - Stability of Samurai linked to stability of Shogun • - agriculture vs. merchants • 1603-1800 Economy grew faster than population Forty-Seven Ronin incident - Tradition vs civil authority - Tradition gives way, Ronin allowed to commit seppuku

10. Late Ming and Early Qing Empires • The Ming Empire • Economic Growth • Demand for Ming porcelain (“china”) • Little ice age effected China’s agriculture & political stability • Government policies and corruption lead to collapse • Ming Collapse and the rise of the Qing • Mongols – Mongolia • Unified in devotion to Dalai Lama (Tibetan Buddhism) • 1600 – Galdan restores them to military power • Manchus – Manchuria • Japanese sought their help in 1592-1598 invasion • 1644 – claimed China for their own when asked to help Ming general • Establish Qing Empire and adopt Chinese institutions and policies

11. Trade and missionaries • Trade • Portuguese first on scene (1513), embassy (1517), expelled (1522) • Portuguese trade from Macao (1557) • Spanish traded from outpost in Taiwan (1662), then Manila • Dutch East India Company (VOC) – displaced Portuguese • Willing to kowtow to emperor,(will maintain trade privileges) • Missionaries in China • Franciscans, Dominicans (lower classes), and Jesuits (elites) • Matteo Ricci – mastered language & classics, coopted Chinese culture into Catholicism • Jesuits also introduced latest science/technology

12. Emperor Kangxi (child prodigy) • Period of economic, military, cultural achievement • Repaired infrastructure, encouraged trade • Contact with Russia – Amur River • Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) – Jesuits used as interpreters • Fixed border along Amur river, regulated trade • Kangxi led troops to defeat Galdan and take Mongolia (1691) • http://www.dartmouth.edu/~qing/WEB/GALDAN.html • Christian compromises • Tolerated Confucian ancestor worship • Becomes a wedge, ultimately leads to missionaries expulsion

13. Chinese influences on Europe • Silk, tea, wallpaper, porcelain, jade, room dividers, fans, ivory – all via Canton • Qing political philosophy – championed by Voltaire as a model ruler • Tea & diplomacy • Macartney Mission • British trade imbalance favoring China • “Sorry, but I don’t need you” (letter to England) • Environmental Deterioration • Population growth intensified demand for food • Building leads to deforestation • Infrastructure not maintained, corruption, inefficiency

14. The Russian Empire • Drive across Northern Asia • Rise of Muscovy • Annexed Novgorod in (1478), threw off Mongol yoke (1480) • Expanded South & East by Ivan IV, eventually to Ural Mts • Promoted Moscow as 3rd Rome, Tsar (Caesar)

15. Ivan the Terrible • described as intelligent and devout, yet given to rages and prone to episodic outbreaks of mental illness.

16. Problem of seaport(s) • Only seaport (Arkhangelsk) frozen most of year • Crimean Turks to south, Sweden to northwest • Siberia to the east – untapped riches (esp fur) http://www.worldology.com/Europe/europe_history_md.htm

17. First real attempt - Strogonov fur traders, move across Siberia all the way to Alaska • Tsar’s political control follows slowly – uses Siberia as a penal colony • Diversity of Siberia

18. Romanovs • Time of Troubles – Swedish/Polish forces in Moscow • Boyars (Nobles) support Mikhail Romanov (start of Romanov dynasty) • Serfs • Tied to land, hereditary • Largest % of population

19. Russian society & politics to 1725 • Cossacks – bands/tribes living north of Black & Caspian Seas • More loyal to chieftain than political ruler • Used in the conquest of Siberia • Used to defend Russia from invaders

20. The Russian Empire …continued • Peter the Great – greatest of the Romanovs • Westernization • Traveled in disguise across Europe collecting technology • Realized that Trade = $ to spend on military • Why the big emphasis on Westernization?

21. Great Northern War (Sweden) gives Russia access to Baltic • Uses Scorched Earth Policy to defeat Charles XII • St. Petersburg “Window to the West” • Peter’s statement to Europe • “One ups” which French monarch • Upwards of 100,000 serfs die building it • http://www.saint-petersburg.com/video/index.asp • Elites forced to move to St. Petersburg, dress European • Why? • Women in public, education opened up • Imitates Prussian Military • Why Prussia?

22. No horse!

23. Moscow St. Petersburg

24. Growth of Russia

26. Oprichniki