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Gunpowder Empires

Gunpowder Empires. Chapter 21-22?. Ottomans in Middle East, Mughals in India, China & Japan. Middle East, India, China. Dominated postclassical period But position challenged in 1450-1750 Lingering vibrancy makes these areas less affected by European expansion

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Gunpowder Empires

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  1. Gunpowder Empires Chapter 21-22? Ottomans in Middle East, Mughals in India, China & Japan

  2. Middle East, India, China • Dominated postclassical period • But position challenged in 1450-1750 • Lingering vibrancy makes these areas less affected by European expansion • Seeds of 19th century subordinance laid

  3. Muslim Empires Ottomans, Safavids, & Mughals: from Bridge b/t Civs to Gunpowder Empires Chapter 21, pgs 456-480

  4. The Ottoman Empire crash course intro Istanbul song

  5. Turkey? When most think of Turkey, they think of… …instead of… • Why are the birds called this? And, what can we learn from their names?

  6. Etymology of “Turkey” • Result of the Turks being the primary merchants responsible for trading the guinea fowl in Europe • Thus, when Spain opened the Americas, the domesticated birds found in the Aztec Empire gradually grew to be called, “turkeys.” • In fact, the Ottomans were such import traders that corn was originally called, “turkey corn.”

  7. Ottomans: Warriors to Empire

  8. Question • Describe conflicts and competition that served to undermine Ottoman, Mughal, and Chinese governments.

  9. Janissaries • Elite gunpowder force of Sultan • Part of Devshirme • Process of enslaving young Christian boys • Given a test • High performers – bureaucrats • Others – Janissaries • Based on the creation of a new slave aristocracy

  10. Ottomans: Warriors to Empire

  11. Question • Compare and contrast the Janissary corps and Chinese scholar-gentry.

  12. Mughals • Central Asian descendants of Mongols & Tamerlane seek to fill power vacuum • Remember…rule of India is regionalism • Warrior elites depose Delhi Sultanate & begin building an empire of Muslim ruling elite over Hindu majority

  13. Akbar the Great • Conquers much of India using cannons & muskets to defeat elephant units • Efforts to build prosperous empire • Improve lives of women & poor • Trade-based economy: vigorous internal trade due to unification, external trade of manufactures for silver & Asian goods brought by Europeans • Ease tension b/t Hindus & Muslims

  14. Religious Movements in Response to Hindu-Muslim Life In addition to Akbar’s Din-i-Ilahi… Sikhism: • Started 10 prophets, called Gurus • Evidence of period & prolonged contact b/t Hindus & Muslims • Karma  Reincarnation • Belief in enlightenment rather than heaven/hell • One God, pray 5 times daily • No caste system

  15. Decline – Weak Successors • Few can follow vigor of Akbar’s leadership & desire to help foster prosperous society • Shah Jahan & grandeur • Few maintain efforts to ease societal tensions • Aurangzeb: gunpowder & Islamic emphasis gone too far

  16. Reflect • Describe conflicts and competition that served to undermine Ottoman and Mughal governments. • Evaluate the extent to which the Ottomans and Mughals represent a departure in Middle Eastern and Indian history. • Compare the Ottoman and Mughal empires.

  17. Safavids: the Shia Challenge • Turkish warriors conquer Persia in wake of Mongols • Promoted Shia Islam • Developed a key rivalry with Ottomans • Case Study: Ottoman victory at the Battle of Chaldiran: • Shia v. Sunni - ends Persian / Shia expansion • Gunpowder v Gunpowder - bloody

  18. Demise of Safavids • Succession – harem, rival princes, & isolation of princes limited successful rule • Conservatism – slave-bureaucrats’ monopoly on gunpowder limits innovation • Internal strife – factional disputes with warrior elites • External pressure – European influence more detrimental due to relative weakness of Safavid technology

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