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Positive Psychology & Positive Interventions

Positive Psychology & Positive Interventions. Martin E.P. Seligman NASP April 1, 2005. Outline. The Educative Model Theory: The Pleasant Life, Engaged Life, Meaningful Life Interventions: Positive Emotion Interventions: Engagement Interventions: Meaning and Purpose

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Positive Psychology & Positive Interventions

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  1. Positive Psychology & Positive Interventions Martin E.P. Seligman NASP April 1, 2005

  2. Outline • The Educative Model • Theory: The Pleasant Life, Engaged Life, Meaningful Life • Interventions: Positive Emotion • Interventions: Engagement • Interventions: Meaning and Purpose • Empirically Validated Positive Interventions • Three School Children Examples: Prevention of Depression in School Children School Children Plus Parents Teaching Positive Psychology In 9th Grade Language Arts

  3. What is Positive Psychology? psychology should be: • as concerned with strength as with weakness • as interested in building the best things in life as in repairing the worst • as concerned with making the lives of normal people fulfilling as with healing pathology

  4. Science of Positive Psychology • Measurement • Classification VIA-1 • Causation Discoverable Left Frontal Activity Optimism & Success What is a Good Day? • Interventions (Tx & Rx) • Efficacy and Effectiveness • Can Psychology Make People Happier? • Educative/Coaching vs Therapy Model • Schools as the Forefront

  5. Three “Happy” Lives • Not Cheery, Smiley Face (Hollywood) • The Pleasant Life (Positive Emotion) • The Engaged Life (Eudaimonia) • The Meaningful Life

  6. The Pleasant Life • Having as many pleasures as possible • Learning the skills to amplify them

  7. The Good Life • Len • Pleasure vs Flow (Gratification) • Identify Signature Strengths www.authentichappiness.org • Recraft Work, Love, Play • Derive Thereby Gratification

  8. 1. Wisdom and Knowledge curiosity/interest love of learning judgment/critical thinking originality/ingenuity/creativity perspective 2. Courage valor industry/perseverance integrity/honesty zest/enthusiasm 3. Love intimacy kindness/generosity/nurturance social intelligence 4. Justice citizenship/duty/loyalty/ teamwork equity/fairness leadership 5. Temperance forgiveness/mercy modesty/humility self-control/self-regulation prudence/caution 6. Transcendence appreciation of beauty/awe gratitude hope/optimism humor/playfulness religiousness/sense of purpose VIA Strengths: the Really Big 24Peterson & Seligman (2004)

  9. The Meaningful Life • Knowing your signature strengths • Use in the service of something larger than you

  10. Positive Emotion About the PastThe Pleasant Lifewww.reflectivehappiness.com • Contentment, Satisfaction, Serenity, Pride • Interventions Gratitude Visit 3 Blessings

  11. Positive Emotion About the FutureThe Pleasant Life • Hope, Optimism, Faith, Trust • Interventions ABCDE Learned Optimism One Door Closes

  12. Positive Emotion About the PresentThe Pleasant Life • Pleasures: Bodily & Complex • Interventions Savoring A Beautiful Day

  13. Engagement at WorkThe Good Life • Take VIA www.authentichappiness.org • Recraft Work Using Signature Strength • Use Signature Strength in a New Way

  14. Engagement with PeopleThe Good Life • Perfect Surprise • Strengths Date • Gift of Time

  15. The Meaningful Life • Strengths Family Tree • Fun vs. Philanthropy • Your Legacy to Positive Human Future (Grandchild Writes Obituary) • Use Signature Strength to Serve an Institution

  16. Validation of Positive Interventions • Placebo Controlled • Random Assignment • Long Follow up • Web Based

  17. Positive Interventions Empirically Validated(Seligman, Peterson, & Steen) • 320,000 Registrees www.authentichappiness.org • Exercise Link • Baseline Battery (SHI CESD) • Intervention Fidelity Check • Placebo Controlled • Six Month Follow Up

  18. Happiness Index • PrePost 1 Week1 Month6 Months • Memory (79) 58.5 61.6 58.3 57.6 58.7 • Blessings(80) 57.1 58.8 59.9 62.2* 62.4* • Story (78) 57.3 61.6 58.7 56.9 56.2 • Gratitude(82) 58.5 64.7* 61.8* 60.9* 59.0 • VIA (75) 58.6 60.2 58.4 58.3 58.8 • UseVIA(77) 57.2 58.6 59.4* 62.1* 61.2*

  19. CES Depression • PrePost 1 Week1 Month 6 Months • Memory (79) 13.5 12.1 12.9 12.5 13.6 • Blessings(80) 14.2 10.2* 9.9* 9.4* 10.8* • Story (78) 13.7 10.3 13.6 14.2 12.8 • Gratitude(82) 13.8 9.5* 11.0* 11.1 13.6 • VIA (75) 13.7 11.7 12.8 12.9 13.7 • UseVIA(77) 14.1 10.8* 10.4* 9.8* 11.3*

  20. Disseminating Positive Interventions • Masters of Applied Positive Psychology Positive Psychology Center (PPC) University of Pennsylvania First Class September 2005 Specialty Tracks • Coaching • Clinical Psychology • Health • Organizational Leadership • Education • www.reflectivehappiness.com

  21. Jane Gillham Karen Reivich Martin Seligman Derek Freres Andrew Shatte Maria La Russo Tara Chaplin Steven Brunwasser Conflict of Interest Warning: Dr. Seligman & Dr. Reivich own stock in ADAPTIV, and PRP technology has been licensed to ADAPTIV Penn Resilience Program

  22. Penn Resilience Program (PRP) • School-based intervention • For middle school students (5th-8th grade) • Based on CBT and social problem-solving techniques • Manualized curriculum • Group format • Twelve 90 minute sessions • Teacher Training

  23. PRP: Cognitive Component • Link between thoughts and feelings/actions (ABC model) • Identifying explanatory style • Examining alternatives & evidence for interpretations

  24. PRP: Problem-solving Component • Assertiveness • Negotiation • Relaxation • Creative problem solving • Decision making

  25. PRP Results • Targeted intervention, conducted at school • 118 5th & 6th graders at risk for depression • School Personnel vs Clinically Trained • Prevention (PRP) vs. Matched control • 3 Year follow-up • Explanatory style (CASQ) & depressive symptoms (CDI)

  26. Explanatory Style (mean CN score)

  27. Moderate to Severe Depressive Symptoms (% with CDI >14)

  28. Clinical Depression: % CDI >= 19. PRP=Parent + ChildGillham et al 2005

  29. Clinical Anxiety: % RCMAS >= 20Gillham et 2005

  30. Teaching Positive Psychologyto 9th Graders University of Pennsylvania, Swarthmore College, Wallingford-Swarthmore School District, and The Department of Education

  31. Teaching Positive Psychologyto 9th Graders Investigators: Martin Seligman Sharon Parker Jane Gillham Karen Reivich Chris Peterson

  32. Three Routes to Happiness • The Pleasant Life—Positive Emotion • The Engaged Life--Positive Character • The Meaningful Life--Positive Institutions The “Negative” Questions: Does building these Three Lives in Adolescents Prevent Symptoms of Disorder The Positive Questions: Increase Positive Emotion, Engagement, Meaning? Grades? Health? Civic Engagement?

  33. The Positive Psychology Curriculum • 22 “stand-alone” lessons that are delivered in 80-minute blocks across the course of the academic year • Teachers also integrate the Positive Psychology concepts into their regular curriculum (teaching of The Odyssey, Lord of the Flies, Romeo and Juliet, etc.) • Each of the “stand-alone” lessons have brief didactic portion, in-class experiential portion, and homework and maintenance activities

  34. Unit 1: The Pleasant Life • Lesson 1: Blessings (countering the negativity bias) • Lesson 2: Savoring (increasing mindfulness and appreciation) • Lesson 3-6: Promoting Optimism (increasing hope and resilience) • Lesson 7: Gratitude (appreciation of others and giving thanks) • Lesson 8: Letting Go of Grudges (promoting forgiveness and perspective)

  35. Unit 2: The Engaged Life • Lesson 1: Identifying Strengths (who am I at my best?) • Lesson 2: Who Are Our Friends and Why? (applying strengths to friendships) • Lesson 3: Strengths Narratives (building comfort sharing strengths) • Lesson 4: Using and Developing Strengths (building non-signature strengths as well) • Lesson 5: Family Tree of Strengths (applying strengths to build stronger families) • Lesson 6: Giving the Gift of Time (making kindness a priority) • Lesson 7: Panel of Paragons Preparation • Lesson 8: Panel of Paragons (learning from community members)

  36. Unit 3: The Meaningful Life • Lesson 1: What is Meaning? (becoming part of a “We”) • Lesson 2: Being a Good Teammate (valuing loyalty, dependability, going “over and above”) • Lesson 3: Fun vs. Philanthropy (the lessons of altruism) • Lesson 4: Passing the Torch (learning from our elders) • Lesson 5: Mentoring an 8th Grader(guiding those who come after)

  37. The Full Life vs The Empty Life LS=Pleasure + Engagement + Meaning Predicting Life Satisfaction 15 Replications. Multi method Pleasure = marginal Good Life <.0001 Meaningful Life<.0001 The School as the Fulcrum

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